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Adinotherium

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Adinotherium[1]
Temporal range: Mid-Late Miocene (Santacrucian-Huayquerian)
~17.5–6.8 Ma
A. ferum skull at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Notoungulata
Family: †Toxodontidae
Subfamily: †Nesodontinae
Genus: †Adinotherium
Ameghino 1887
Type species
†Adinotherium ovinum
Species
  • A. corriguenense Ameghino 1907
  • A. ferum Ameghino 1887
  • A. haplodontoides Ameghino 1891
  • A. karaikense
  • A. nitidum Ameghino 1887
  • A. ovinum (Owen 1846)
  • A. robustum Ameghino 1891
  • A. splendidum
Synonyms

Adinotherium (meaning "not terrible beast")[2] is an extinct genus of toxodontid, large bodied hoofed ungulates which inhabited South America during the Middle to Late Miocene, from 17.5 to 6.8 Ma and existed for approximately 10.7 million years, Santacrucian to Huayquerian in the South American land mammal ages (SALMA). Fossils of Adinotherium have been found in the Santa Cruz and Ituzaingó Formations of Argentina and the Chucal and Río Frías Formations of Chile.[3]

Description

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A. ovinum skull, right lateral and dorsal view

The approximately 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long animal, with an estimated 120 kilograms (260 lb) body mass, looked like a smaller version of its rhinoceros-like relative Toxodon.[4] Its front legs were somewhat longer than those of its relatives, making its hip and shoulder height about equal. A small horn atop Adinotherium's skull may have played a role in the mating season.[5]

Palaeobiology

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Life cycle

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The fractal complexity of the enamel crests and the occlusal surface tooth area of A. ovinum teeth from the second premolar to the third molar both varied with age, making both of them useful tools for age estimation in this species and other toxodontids. Enamel crest complexity decreased as the animal matured due to wear, while the area of the tooth's occlusal surface was greater in adults than juveniles due to a combination of both wear and increase in overall size of the teeth of adults.[6]

Palaeoecology

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Adinotherium had highly hypsodont dentition, which may have been an adaptation for grazing on grasses, habitats heavily featuring which were spreading throughout South America at the time Adinotherium was extant.[7] Dental microwear, however, shows that Adinotherium was predominantly a browser.[8]

1813 A. ovinum illustration.

References

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  1. ^ range and species from Croft et al. (2004), p. 8; synonyms from McKenna and Bell (1997), p. 459.
  2. ^ Palmer (1904) p. 80.
  3. ^ Adinotherium at Fossilworks.org
  4. ^ "Adinotherium ferum - Бестиарий - Доисторические животные - Prehistoric Fauna". prehistoric-fauna.com. Retrieved 26 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  5. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 253. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
  6. ^ Costamagna, Donato; Cassini, Guillermo; Cabral, Vanina; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (16 July 2025). "Fractal Dimension of Dental Crowns: An Innovative Method for Age Estimation in Toxodonts". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. doi:10.1002/jez.b.23319. ISSN 1552-5007. Retrieved 27 September 2025 – via Wiley Online Library.
  7. ^ Cassini, Guillermo H.; Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Acosta, M. V. Walter G.; Fernández, Mercedes; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (December 2015). "Teeth complexity, hypsodonty and body mass in Santacrucian (Early Miocene) notoungulates (Mammalia)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 106 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1017/S1755691016000153. ISSN 1755-6910. Retrieved 21 September 2025 – via Cambridge Core.
  8. ^ Townsend, K. E. Beth; Croft, Darin A. (12 March 2008). "Diets of notoungulates from the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina: new evidence from enamel microwear". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 217–230. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[217:DONFTS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. Retrieved 1 November 2025 – via Taylor and Francis Online.

Bibliography

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  • Croft, D.A., Flynn, J.J. and Wyss, A.R. 2004. Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile. Fieldiana Geology 50(1):1-52. [1]
  • McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
  • Palmer, T.S. 1904. Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. North American Fauna 23:1-984.
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  • Media related to Adinotherium at Wikimedia Commons


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