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Amazon Delta

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Amazon Delta
Delta do Amazonas (Portuguese)
River delta
Satellite image of the Amazon Delta captured by NASA in 2005
Satellite image of the Amazon Delta captured by NASA in 2005
Amazon Delta is located in Brazil
Amazon Delta
Location in Brazil
Coordinates: 0°08′04″N 50°25′33″W / 0.13444°N 50.42583°W / 0.13444; -50.42583
LocationNorth Region, Brazil
StatesAmapá, Pará

The Amazon Delta (Portuguese: delta do Amazonas) is a vast river delta formed by the Amazon River and the Tocantins River (through the Pará River distributary channel) in northern South America.[1][2][3] It is located in the Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará[4] and encompasses the Marajó Archipelago, with Marajó Island as its largest island. The main cities located in the vicinity are Belém and Macapá, each with its respective metropolitan area.[5]

It is the largest river delta in the world. It releases one fifth of the total amount of freshwater that is discharged into the earths oceans, into the Atlantic Ocean, with some estimating that equates to 200,000 litres a second. The area has wetlands, streams, lagoons and rich ecosystems and biodiversity. It is a vital area for wildlife, with extensive mangroves in wetland forests, that cover an area of 38,304 km2 of the delta, with 75% of Brazil's mangroves located in the Amazon Delta. 1.5 million people live locally to the Amazon Delta.[6][7][8][9][10]

The Amazon Delta has a tropical climate with high humidity and high temperatures. It has a wet season with frequent flooding and a dry season where the delta dries out. These seasons shape the environment of the Amazon Delta and the life in it, such as the water buffalo for which Marajó Island is well known, three-toed sloth, capybara, giant anteater, giant otter, jaguar and pink river dolphins.[11]

Due to the vast amounts of sediment and freshwater released by the Amazon, the delta is not a traditional one, for example in shape.[11] The sedimentary environment near the Amazon's mouth has limited subaerial expression, untypical of a river delta.[12] As a result, some people do not describe it as being a delta.[13]

In 2025, approval was given to Petrobras to drill in a location 500km from the mouth of the Amazon River.[14] This decision has raised concerns from environmentalists, with Brazil’s Climate Observatory NGO describing this as being "disastrous from an environmental, climate, and sociobiodiversity perspective”.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Geografia do Brasil: Região norte. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 1977.
  2. ^ de Araujo Barbosa, C. C.; Atkinson, P.; Dearing, J. (December 2014). "The spatial extent of change in tropical forest ecosystem services in the Amazon delta". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2014. United States: ADS Abstract Service (Harvard University): PA21A–11. Bibcode:2014AGUFMPA21A..11D.
  3. ^ "NASA Images: STS046-80-009 > Mouths of the Amazon River, Brazil, South America". images.nasa.gov. United States: NASA. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28.
  4. ^ "Fapespa participa de workshop sobre indicadores de vulnerabilidade do Delta do Amazonas". FAPESPA. 2015. Archived from the original on 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
  5. ^ Benchimol, Samuel. Manual de introdução 'a Amazônia. Manaus: Edição Reprográfica.
  6. ^ "Sea Level Rise Projection Map - Amazon River Delta". Earth.Org. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
  7. ^ "The Amazon Delta – Vast Labyrinth of Waterways Between Macapá and Belém". Highbury Nomad. 2018-10-24. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
  8. ^ Bernardino, Angelo F.; Mazzuco, Ana Carolina A.; Souza, Fernanda M.; Santos, Thuareag M. T.; Sanders, Christian J.; Massone, Carlos G.; Costa, Rodolfo F.; Silva, Antônio Elves B.; Ferreira, Tiago O.; Nóbrega, Gabriel N.; Silva, Thiago S. F.; Kauffman, J. Boone (2022-08-22). "The novel mangrove environment and composition of the Amazon Delta". Current Biology. 32 (16): 3636–3640.e2. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3636B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.071. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35863350.
  9. ^ "The Amazon: A Forest of Rivers". Amazon Frontlines. 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
  10. ^ Anthony, Edward J.; Brondizio, Eduardo S.; dos Santos, Valdenira F.; Gardel, Antoine; Besset, Manon (2021-05-14). "Sustainable Management, Conservation, and Restoration of the Amazon River Delta and Amazon-Influenced Guianas Coast: A Review". Water. 13 (10): 1371. Bibcode:2021Water..13.1371A. doi:10.3390/w13101371. ISSN 2073-4441.
  11. ^ a b "Amazon Delta". WorldAtlas. 2023-10-21. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  12. ^ NITTROUER, C. A.; KUEHL, S. A.; DEMASTER, D. J.; KOWSMANN, R. O. (1986). "The deltaic nature of Amazon shelf sedimentation". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 97 (4): 444. Bibcode:1986GSAB...97..444N. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<444:TDNOAS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Archived from the original on 2018-06-02.
  13. ^ "Delta". education.nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 2026-01-30.
  14. ^ "Brazil grants state oil firm exploration license in Amazon region". BBC News. 2025-10-20. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  15. ^ France-Press, Agence (2025-10-20). "Brazil greenlights oil drilling in Amazon as environmentalists raise alarm". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-01-31.