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Barnard 35

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Barnard 35
Nebula
Dark nebula
Spitzer Space Telescope image of Barnard 35
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension05h 45m 30.00s[1]
Declination+09° 03′ 0.0″[1]
Distance1,500 ly
ConstellationOrion
DesignationsBarnard 35[1]
See also: Lists of nebulae

Barnard 35 is a dark nebula located in the constellation of Orion. It is a dense interstellar cloud of dust and gas that obscures the light from background stars, appearing as a prominent dark nebula against the brighter nebular regions of the Lambda Orionis Ring (also known as Sh 2-264). Discovered by astronomer E. E. Barnard in the early 20th century, [2]Barnard 35 is part of the larger Orion molecular cloud complex and is associated with active star formation triggered by nearby massive stars.[3][4][5][6]

Observation and Characteristics

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Barnard 35 is classified as a dark absorption nebula, primarily composed of cold molecular hydrogen, carbon monoxide (CO), and dust grains.[7] Observations in far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths, such as those from the Spitzer Space Telescope, reveal embedded young stellar objects and protostars otherwise hidden by the opaque dust. The dust temperature is around 10 K, while the molecular gas is slightly warmer at approximately 23 K, indicating non-equilibrium heating mechanisms dominated by external radiation rather than internal collisions.[8][9][10]

Reference

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  1. ^ a b c "Simbad - Object view". simbad.cds.unistra.fr. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
  2. ^ Lynds, Beverly T. (May 1962). "Catalogue of Dark Nebulae". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 7: 1. Bibcode:1962ApJS....7....1L. doi:10.1086/190072. ISSN 0067-0049.
  3. ^ Ford, Dominic. "Barnard 35 (Dark nebula)". In-The-Sky.org. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
  4. ^ "Barnard 35 | mj's photography". 2024-02-24. Retrieved 2025-12-19.
  5. ^ Lee, Hsu-Tai; Chen, W. P.; Zhang, Zhi-Wei; Hu, Jing-Yao (2005-05-10). "Triggered Star Formation in the Orion Bright-rimmed Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 624 (2): 808–820. arXiv:astro-ph/0502061. Bibcode:2005ApJ...624..808L. doi:10.1086/429122. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ Lee, Hsu-Tai; Chen, W. P. (2007-03-10). "Triggered Star Formation by Massive Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (2): 884–896. arXiv:astro-ph/0509315. Bibcode:2007ApJ...657..884L. doi:10.1086/510893. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Lada, C. J.; Black, J. H. (January 1976). "CO observations of the bright-rimmed cloud B 35". The Astrophysical Journal. 203: L75. Bibcode:1976ApJ...203L..75L. doi:10.1086/182023. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ Lada, C. J.; Thronson, H. A. Jr.; Smith, H. A.; Harper, D. A.; Keene, J.; Loewenstein, R. F.; Smith, J. (December 1981). "Far-infrared and submillimeter observations of Barnard 35 - Heat sources for bright-rimmed molecular clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 251: L91. Bibcode:1981ApJ...251L..91L. doi:10.1086/183700. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ Lada, C. J.; Thronson, H. A.; Smith, H. A.; Harper, D. A.; Keene, J.; Loewenstein, R. F.; Smith, J. (1981-12-15). "Far-infrared and submillimeter observations of Barnard 35 - Heat sources for bright-rimmed molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 251: L91. Bibcode:1981ApJ...251L..91L. doi:10.1086/183700.
  10. ^ Smith, H. A. (December 1989). "Dust emission from Barnard 35: gas heating anomaly resolved". Interstellar Dust. 135: 227–232. Bibcode:1989IAUS..135P.227S. ISSN 1743-9221.