Blight

This article is about plant diseases. For other uses, see Blight (disambiguation).

"Bacterial blight" redirects here. For the barley blight, see Bacterial blight (barley).

Potatoes destroyed by potato blight

Blight is a group of plant diseases sharing a specific symptom caused by infection by a pathogenic organism, often a fungus.

Description

Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs.^[1] Diseases called blights include:

• Late blight of potato, caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the disease which led to the Great Irish Famine^[2]
• Southern corn leaf blight, caused by the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) Drechs, anamorph Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado & Miyake) Shoemaker, incited a severe loss of corn in the United States in 1970.^[3]
• Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr, has nearly eradicated mature American chestnuts in North America.^[4]
• Citrus blight, caused by an unknown agent, infects all citrus scions.^[5]
• Fire blight of pome fruits, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., is the most severe disease of pear and is found in other fruits such as apple and raspberry.^[6]
• Bacterial leaf blight of rice, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda & Ishiyama) Dowson.^[7]
• Bacterial seedling blight of rice (Oryza sativa), caused by pathogen Burkholderia plantarii^[8]
• Early blight of potato and tomato, caused by species of the ubiquitous fungal genus Alternaria^[9]
• Leaf blight of the grasses e.g. Ascochyta species^[10] and Alternaria triticina that causes blight in wheat^[11]
• Bur oak blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Tubakia iowensis.^[12]
• South American leaf blight, caused by the ascomycete Pseudocercospora ulei,^[13][14][15] also called Microcyclus ulei,^[16] ended the cultivation of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in South America.^[13]

Blights are often named after their causative agent. For example, Colletotrichum blight is named after the fungus Colletotrichum capsici, and Phytophthora blight is named after the water mold Phytophthora parasitica.^[17]

• 
  Chestnut blight
• 
  Brown felt blight
• 
  Potato late blight
• 
  Fire blight on apple

Historical blight events

When blights have been particularly large-scale and consequential in their effects, they have sometimes become named historical events. One such was the 19th Century European Potato Failure, known in Ireland as the "Great Famine". It was caused by a strain of potato blight, Phytophthora infestans.^[18]

Another was the near extinction of the Bermuda cedar during the 1940s and 1950s in the event described as The Blight or The Cedar Blight, caused by coccoid scale insects.^{[19][20][21][22][23][24]}

References

1. Agrios, George N. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th ed, Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
2. Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (11 October 2013). "Late Blight of Tomato". Translational Genomics for Crop Breeding. Wiley. pp. 241–265. doi:10.1002/9781118728475.ch13. ISBN 978-1-118-72847-5.
3. Partridge, J.E. "Southern Corn Leaf Blight." 2003. 8 August 2006. "Plant Pathology 369 - Southern Corn Leaf Blight Key words: Plant Disease, Bipolaris maydis, Helminthosporium maydis, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Corn, Sorghum, Teosinte". Archived from the original on 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
4. Roane, Martha K.; Griffin, Gary J.; Elkins, John Rush (1986). Chestnut Blight, Other Endothia Diseases, and the Genus Endothia. APS monograph series. APS Press, American Phytopathological Society. pp. vii+53. ISBN 978-0-89054-073-2. S2CID 83360677. CABI ISC 19870615566. AGRIS id US8920239.
5. William Schneider, Avijit Roy, John Hartung, Jonathan Shao, Ron Brlansky (December 2015) Citrus blight research update. Citrus Industry. URL:https://crec.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/trade_journals/2015/2015_December_blight.pdf
6. Johnson, K. B. (2000). "Fire blight of apple and pear". The Plant Health Instructor. doi:10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0726-01.
7. Oda, M., Sekizawa, Y., and Watanabe, T. 1966. "Phenazines as Disinfectants Against Bacterial Leaf Blight of the Rice Plant." Applied Microbiology 14(3):365-367.
8. Tanaka, T.; Katoh, T.; Satoh, T. (2002). "Role of the rice seedlings [Oryza sativa] and Kouyawarabi (Onoclea sensibilis L.) infested with Burkholderia plantarii as the source of bacterial seedling blight of rice". Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 68 (3): 283–290. doi:10.3186/jjphytopath.68.283. ISSN 0031-9473. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
9. Pati, Pratap Kumar; Sharma, Monica; Salar, Raj Kumar; Sharma, Ashutosh; Gupta, A. P.; Singh, B. (8 January 2009). "Studies on leaf spot disease of Withania somnifera and its impact on secondary metabolites". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 48 (4): 432–437. doi:10.1007/s12088-008-0053-y. PMC 3476785. PMID 23100743.
10. Tisserat, N. "Ascochyta Leaf Blight of Turf". Colorado State University. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
11. "Alternaria triticina (leaf blight of wheat)". www.cabi.org. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
12. Harrington, TC; McNew, D; Yun, HY (2012). "Bur oak blight, a new disease on Quercus macrocarpa caused by Tubakia iowensis sp. nov". Mycologia. 104 (1): 79–92. doi:10.3852/11-112. JSTOR 23055306. PMID 21937728. S2CID 22665345.
13. Guyot, Jean; Le Guen, Vincent (2018). "A Review of a Century of Studies on South American Leaf Blight of the Rubber Tree". Plant Disease. 102 (6). American Phytopathological Society: 1052–1065. doi:10.1094/pdis-04-17-0592-fe. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30673445.
14. "Pseudocercospora ulei (MICCUL)[Overview]". Global Database. EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). 2002-04-09. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
15. Erasing the Past: A New Identity for the Damoclean Pathogen Causing South American Leaf Blight of Rubber
16. South American Leaf Blight of rubber (Microcyclus ulei), plantwise.org
17. Chase, A. R. (1984). "Diseases of Foliage Plants - Revised List 1984". Agricultural Research Center - Apopka, University of Florida. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014.
18. Briggs, Helen (21 May 2013). "Irish potato famine pathogen identified". BBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
19. Undlin, Siri (2020-12-23). "13 Different Types of Cedar Trees (All Cedar Tree Varieties)". PlantSnap. PlantSnap Inc. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
20. "Speciation at Spittal Pond". Evolving Shores. Explorations in Biology, Bermuda College. Retrieved 2021-10-05. in the 1940s, two species of scale were accidentally introduced, and, unable to deal with this foreign pest, 95% of Bermuda's cedar trees were killed. The 5% of trees who survived the blight were found to be resistant to the scale. These have been propagated since then, and the Bermuda cedar survives today. Unfortunately the cedar was Bermuda's main tree cover up until the blight, with little diversity to fill the void when the trees died off. Thus, some species who depended on and thrived in its branches, such as bluebirds and white-eyed vireo became critically endangered along with it. Others, such as the endemic cicada went extinct without it.
21. Mastny, Lisa. "Bermuda". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2021-10-05. An estimated 95 percent of the surviving population of native Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) was destroyed between 1946 and 1951 (Rueger and von Wallmenich 1996), following the accidental introduction of two coccoid scale insects (Sterrer 1998a). Only an estimated one percent of the original cedar forest survived the blight (BBP 1997).
22. "Bermuda: The Best Places to Get Away from It All in Bermuda". Frommer's. FrommerMedia. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
23. Calnan, Patricia (2011-02-10). "Learning about the cedar tree". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. Retrieved 2021-10-05. The accidental introduction of the Oyster-shell Scale and the Juniper Scale caused the demise of at least 85 percent of the cedar population by 1952, with more than 100,000 being felled during and after the scale infestation.
24. Hardy, Jessie Moniz (2020-10-14). "Dark Bottom, a 1950s haven and horror". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda. Retrieved 2021-10-05.

External links

• Berg A. 1926. Tomato Late Blight and its Relation to Late Blight of Potato.
• Bonn WG, Zwet TVD. Distribution and economic importance of fire blight. Fire blight: the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora.:37–53.
• Erskine JM. 1973. Characteristics of Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage and its possible role in the epidemiology of fire blight. Canadian Journal of Microbiology; 19(7):837–845.
• Johnson KB, Stockwell VO. 1998. MANAGEMENT OF FIRE BLIGHT: A Case Study in Microbial Ecology. Annual Review of Phytopathology 36:227–248.
• M. N. Schroth, S. V. Thomson, D. C. Hildebrand, W. J. Moller. 1974. Epidemiology and Control of Fire Blight. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 12:1, 389–412.
• Mcmanus PS. 1994. Role of Wind-Driven Rain, Aerosols, and Contaminated Budwood in Incidence and Spatial Pattern of Fire Blight in an Apple Nursery. Plant Disease 78:1059.
• Puławska J, Sobiczewski P. 2011. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Erwinia amylovora: the causal agent of fire blight. Trees 26:3–12.
• Rico A, Ortiz-Barredo A, Ritter E, Murillo J. 2004. Genetic characterization of Erwinia amylovora strains by amplified fragment length polymorphism. Journal of Applied Microbiology; 96(2):302–310.
• Ritchie DF. 1977. Isolation of Erwinia amylovora Bacteriophage from Aerial Parts of Apple Trees. Phytopathology 77:101.
• Steiner PW. 1996. What We Don't Know About Fire Blight. Acta Horticulture; (411):3–6.
• Thomas TM. 1992. Severity of Fire Blight on Apple Cultivars and Strains in Michigan. Plant Disease 76:1049.
• Vanneste JL. What is fire blight? Who is Erwinia amylovora? How to control it? Fire blight: the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora.:1–6.