Wiki Article
Draft:Lutetium-177
Nguồn dữ liệu từ Wikipedia, hiển thị bởi DefZone.Net
 | Review waiting, please be patient.
This may take 3 months or more, since drafts are reviewed in no specific order. There are 4,863 pending submissions waiting for review.
Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
Reviewer tools
|
| General | |
|---|---|
| Symbol | 177 |
| Names | lutetium-177, 177Lu, Lu-177 |
| Protons (Z) | 71 |
| Neutrons (N) | 106 |
| Nuclide data | |
| Natural abundance | 0% |
| Decay modes | |
| Decay mode | Decay energy (MeV) |
| β⁻ | 0.497 |
| Isotopes of Complete table of nuclides | |
Lutetium-177 (177Lu) is a synthetic radioactive isotope of the lanthanide element lutetium. It has emerged as the premier radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) and theranostics due to its unique physical capability to simultaneously treat tumors via beta particle emission and allow real-time diagnostic imaging through gamma radiation. Governed by a physical half-life of 6.647 days, 177Lu provides an optimal logistical window for commercial manufacturing, international shipping, synthesis of the desired pharmaceuticals, and fast decay that prevents long-term radiation exposure of the pa and contamination of the environment by radioctive isotopes.
Nuclear properties and decay scheme
[edit]Lutetium-177 undergoes beta-minus (β⁻) decay to reach either the stable ground state or specific excited states of hafnium-177 (177Hf). Its primary medical efficacy is derived from two distinct particle emissions:
- Beta Particles (β⁻): It emits therapeutic beta particles with a maximum energy of 497 keV (78.6% chance). These particles possess an average tissue penetration depth of 670 micrometers (maximum 1–2 mm). This short path length ensures heavy, localized ionization that destroys target cancer cells while strictly sparing neighboring healthy tissues.
- Gamma Photons (γ): It co-emits low-energy gamma rays at 208 keV (11% chance) and 113 keV (6.6% chance). These photons escape the patient's body with minimal radiation risk to others, allowing outpatient treatments while being ideally suited for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanners to measure internal dosimetry and tumor uptake.
Medical applications
[edit]The medical efficacy of 177Lu is rooted in the concept of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). In this approach Lu3+ ions are chelated by a cyclic ligand, which in turn is covalently attached to a peptide-like molecule, which binds non-covalently with the target receptor. Such combinations acts as a molecular "smart bomb", which binds (via the peptide-like part of the molecule) to target cancer cells, provides an imaging tool for localizing the medication in the body (via the gamma-decay of 177Lu) and kills the cancer cells (via the beta-decay of 177Lu).
Typically the peptide-like portion of such radiopharmaceuticals is designed to bind to the following tissues:
- Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): 177Lu targets somatostatin receptors (SSTR), which are heavily overexpressed in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs).
- Prostate cancer: 177Lu targets Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a transmembrane protein found abundantly on metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) cells.
- Pipeline therapeutics: Active clinical trials continue to explore targeting the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) using compounds like 177Lu-NeoBOMB1 for solid tumors in breast, lung, and gastric malignancies..[1].
Comparison with alternative isotopes
[edit]Nuclear medicine selects therapeutic isotopes based on the size of the tumor mass, distribution mechanics, and manufacturing accessibility.
| Isotope | Emission type | Half-life | Avg. tissue range | Advantages vs. 177Lu | Disadvantages vs. 177Lu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lutetium-177 (177Lu) | Beta (β⁻) & Gamma (γ) | 6.65 days | 0.67 mm | Balanced path length; built-in SPECT imaging; mature global supply chain. | Suboptimal for single-cell micrometastases. |
| Yttrium-90 (90Y) | High-energy Beta (β⁻) | 2.67 days | 2.5 mm | Massive energy; highly effective for bulk, large-volume solid tumors. | No diagnostic gamma peak (requires Bremsstrahlung imaging); higher toxicity to nearby organs. |
| Actinium-225 (225Ac) | Alpha (α) | 10.0 days | 0.04 mm (1–2 cells) | Immense linear energy transfer (LET); bypasses beta-resistance; destroys double-stranded DNA. | Higher rates of xerostomia (salivary gland toxicity); severe global supply shortages[2]. |
| Terbium-161 (161Tb) | Beta (β⁻) & Auger electrons | 6.95 days | Nanometers (Auger) | Co-emits low-range Auger electrons; delivers a higher localized dose to single tumor cells. | Production is not yet globally standardized or commercially mainstream. |
Pharmaceutical preparations
[edit]177Lu is initially manufactured as a radiopharmaceutical precursor, lutetium (177Lu) chloride, dissolved in a sterile hydrochloric acid solution. It is then chelated (chemically bonded) using macrocyclic carriers like DOTA or DOTAGA to anchor targeted ligands. The two globally commercialized formulations include:
- Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide (brand name Lutathera): Infused intravenously to treat SSTR-positive GEP-NETs. Infusions are accompanied by amino acid mixtures (lysine/arginine) to shield the kidneys from radiation-induced toxicity during renal excretion[3].
- Lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan (brand name Pluvicto): Administered intravenously every 6 weeks for up to 6 cycles to combat PSMA-positive advanced prostate cancers[4].
Production and manufacturers
[edit]The global supply of 177Lu utilizes nuclear research reactors through two core processes:
- Carrier-Added (c.a.): Neutron irradiation of stable lutetium-176 (176Lu + n → 177Lu). This leaves remnants of long-lived 177mLu impurities, complicating medical waste disposal.
- Non-Carrier-Added (n.c.a.): Highly enriched stable ytterbium-176 (176Yb) targets absorb neutrons to create 177Yb, which rapidly beta-decays into carrier-free 177Lu. This yields ≥99.9% purity levels, omitting hazardous long-lived impurities.
Major industrial suppliers
[edit]- Novartis: Drives full-scale commercial drug compounding at its premier radioligand therapy hubs in Indianapolis, Indiana and Ivrea, Italy[5]
- SHINE Technologies: Operates the large-scale Cassiopeia facility in Janesville, Wisconsin, specializing in the chemical extraction of ultra-pure n.c.a. 177Lu under the brand name Ilumira.
- ITM Isotope Technologies Munich: A leading European manufacturer that maintains a broad network of processing sites for medical-grade n.c.a. 177Lu distributed to hundreds of global hospitals[6]
- Reactor Facilities: Bulk raw isotope irradiation is handled by high-flux research reactors and power partnerships, including the High Flux Reactor run by NRG PALLAS in Petten, Netherlands, the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) in the United States, and commercial CANDU reactors operated via Bruce Power in Canada.
References
[edit]- ^ Heng, V.; Oh, S. K.; Leng, H.; Chhun, V.; Lee, Y. D. (2024). "Current clinical application of lutetium-177 in solid tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters. 27 (5): 212. doi:10.3892/ol.2024.14345. PMC 11002837. PMID 38562575.
- ^ Mok GGS; Yuan L; Zhang R (2022). "A Review of 177Lutetium-PSMA and 225Actinium-PSMA Therapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer". Molecules. 27 (21): 7244. doi:10.3390/molecules27217244. PMC 9584169. PMID 36364071.
- ^ "LUTATHERA (lutetium Lu 177 dotatate) Prescribing Information". Novartis. Retrieved 2026-06-13.
- ^ "Novartis Pluvicto approved by FDA as first targeted radioligand therapy". Novartis. 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2026-06-13.
- ^ "Novartis provides update on production of radioligand therapy medicines". Novartis. 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2026-06-13.
- ^ "ITM Provides n.c.a. Lutetium-177 as Long-Term Supplier". Imaging Technology News. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2026-06-13.
Category:Isotopes of lutetium Category:Nuclear medicine imaging techniques Category:Radiopharmaceuticals