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Draft:Pion-NKS
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| Manufacturer |  TsSKB-Progress / TsNIRTI |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Russia |
| Operator | Marine russe ministère de la Défense de la fédération de Russie |
| Applications | Satellite de surveillance océanique |
| Specifications | |
| Constellation | yes |
| Production | |
| Status | operational |
| Maiden launch | 25 juin 2021 |
| Related spacecraft | |
| Launch vehicle | Soyouz 2-1B |
Pion-NKS is a family of Russian electronic surveillance satellites designed primarily to locate and identify enemy military vessels passively by listening to electromagnetic emissions from their electronic equipment (radio transmitters, radars, etc.) and actively, using radar. These satellites are to be used to obtain tactical intelligence and, in wartime, to provide the coordinates of their targets to air-to-sea and sea-to-sea missiles tasked with sinking ships over-the-horizon.
Development of the Pion-NKS satellites, which were to replace the US-A and US-P satellites, began in 1993. It was carried out as part of the Liana program, which also included the production of the Lotos satellites, with which they shared many components. The project was hampered by the financial difficulties that shook Russia until the end of the 1990s, then by the disorganization of the space sector, and finally by the conflict with Ukraine and western sanctions. The launch of the first satellite in the series did not take place until March 2021.
History
[edit]In the late 1960s, the Soviets developed two families of electronic surveillance satellites.
The Tselina radars were designed to detect and identify ground-based and airborne radars (ELINT). Several variants are produced. The Tselina-O identify all radars, while the Tselina-D determine their precise position and characteristics. The next generation, the Tselina-2 satellites combine both roles (detection, location, characterization). A small sub-series, the Tselina-R also carries an experimental payload for intercepting communications (COMINT).
The second family consists of more specialized satellites tasked with determining the position of enemy ships in order to guide anti-ship missiles carried by surface vessels and submarines. These are the US-P and US-PM satellites deployed between 1974 and 2006 and the US-A satellites launched between 1965 and 1988.