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Endosphaera

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For the genus of green algae alternatively known as Endosphaera, see Chlorochytrium.

Endosphaera
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Sar
Superphylum: Alveolata
Phylum: Ciliophora
Class: Phyllopharyngea
Order: Endogenida
Family: Endosphaeridae
Genus: Endosphaera
Engelmann 1876
Type species
Endosphaera engelmanni
Entz 1896[1]

Endosphaera is a genus of suctorian ciliates described by George Engelmann in 1876. Species of Endosphaera are found in freshwater and seawater as either parasitic or commensal endosymbionts of other ciliates.

Description

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Members of the genus Endosphaera are symbiotic suctorian ciliates.[2] Suctorians commonly have permanent adhesive organelles, but Endosphaera cells also exhibit a "perforatium", a temporary structure used for attachment to their host.[3] They lack the typical stalks or tentacles found in other suctorians.[4] Their life cycle is characterized by a free-swimming infective stage, or swarmer, and an adult intracellular stage that infects other ciliates.[5]

Endosphaera species are among the most common suctorian symbionts of ciliates in both freshwater and seawater.[1] They are mainly observed as endoparasites or endocommensals of peritrich ciliates, such as the genera Trichodina, Trichodinella and Mantoscyphidia,[4] but also other ciliates such as the vorticellid Spongostena and the suctorian Dendrocometes.[1]

Classification

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The genus Endosphaera was described in 1876 by German-American biologist George Engelmann, initially without designating any species.[6] Later, four species were described, distinguished by the morphology of their swarmer stage: E. engelmanni, E. multifiliis, E. elisabetharum, and E. terebrans.[5][3] In 1978, the family Endosphaeridae was created to accommodate Endosphaera[7][2] and two similar genera, Parendosphaera and Acoelophthirius.[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Jankowski, A.W. (2015). "Irkana gen. nov. (Ciliophora, Suctorea), a symbiont of the colonial peritrich Carchesium in Lake Baikal" (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 319 (1): 40–56. Retrieved 5 September 2025.
  2. ^ a b Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; et al. (26 September 2018). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/JEU.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
  3. ^ a b c Dovgal, Igor V. (2002). "Evolution, phylogeny and classification of Suctorea (Ciliophora)". Protistology. 2 (4): 194–270. Retrieved 5 September 2025.
  4. ^ a b Basson, Linda; As, Jo van (2006). "Trichodinidae and other ciliophorans (phylum Ciliophora)". Fish diseases and disorders. Volume 1: protozoan and metazoan infections. UK: CABI. p. 154–182. doi:10.1079/9780851990156.0154. ISBN 978-0-85199-015-6. Retrieved 5 September 2025.
  5. ^ a b Esteban, Genoveva; Téllez, Carmen; Muñoz, Amparo (1991). "Infraciliature, Morphogenesis and Life Cycle of Endosphaera terebrans (Suctoria, Tokophridae)". The Journal of Protozoology. 38 (5): 483–488. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1991.tb04821.x. ISSN 0022-3921.
  6. ^ Aescht, Erna (23 February 2001). "Catalogue of the Generic Names of Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora)". Denisia. 1: 1–350. ISSN 1608-8700.
  7. ^ Jankowski, A.V. (1978). "Phylogeny and divergence of suctorians". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 242: 493–496.