| Flagtail | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hawaiian flagtail (K. sandvicensis) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Centrarchiformes |
| Family: | Kuhliidae D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1896[2] |
| Genus: | Kuhlia T. N. Gill, 1861[1] |
| Type species | |
| Perca ciliate G. Cuvier, 1828[1]
| |
| Synonyms[3] | |
| |
The flagtails (āhole[4] or āholehole[5] in the Hawaiian language) are a family (Kuhliidae) of centrarchiform ray-finned fish of the Indo-Pacific area. The family consists of 13 species in one genus, Kuhlia. Most are euryhaline and often found in brackish water, but the genus also includes species restricted to marine or fresh water.
Several species are known as Hawaiian flagtails, particularly K. sandvicensis and K. xenura.
Etymology
[edit]The genus Kuhlia is named for the German zoologist Heinrich Kuhl (1797–1821).[6]
Description
[edit] |
The distinctive characteristic of these fish is a scaly sheath around the dorsal and anal fins. The dorsal fin is deeply notched between the 10 spines and the 9 to 13 soft rays. The opercle has two spines, and the anal fin three. Their bodies are compressed and silvery, and they tend to be small, growing to 50 cm (20 in) at most.
During the day, they usually school, dispersing at night to feed on free-swimming fish and crustaceans.
A study of sperm motility in Kuhlia marginata found that sperm were most active in water with salinity between 25 and 35 parts per thousand, indicating that the species spawns in seawater rather than in rivers. This provided the first experimental evidence that K. marginata is catadromous, migrating from freshwater habitats to the sea to reproduce. Estimation of spawning sites in the spotted flagtail, Kuhlia marginata, based on sperm motility.
Analysis of otolith strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios confirmed that Kuhlia marginata spends its early life stages at sea before migrating to freshwater, then returns to the ocean to spawn. The study also found that males typically die at sea after spawning, while females may return to rivers and spawn multiple times during their lifetime
In Hawai‘i, flagtails (Kuhlia spp.), known locally as āholehole, inhabit a wide range of environments, including marine, estuarine, and freshwater habitats. These fishes play an important ecological and cultural role in Hawaiian coastal systems. Some use them as a food source and cultural ceremonies.
Species
[edit]
The currently recognized species in this genus are:[7]
- Kuhlia caudavittata (Lacépède, 1802)
- Kuhlia malo (Valenciennes, 1831)
- Kuhlia marginata (G. Cuvier, 1829) (spotted or dark-margined flagtail)
- Kuhlia mugil (J. R. Forster, 1801) (barred flagtail)
- Kuhlia munda (De Vis, 1884) (silver flagtail)
- Kuhlia nutabunda Kendall & Radcliffe, 1912 (Rapanui flagtail)
- Kuhlia petiti L. P. Schultz, 1943
- Kuhlia rupestris (Lacépède, 1802) (rock flagtail, jungle perch)
- Kuhlia salelea L. P. Schultz, 1943
- Kuhlia sandvicensis (Steindachner, 1876) (Hawaiian flagtail)[8]
- Kuhlia sauvagii Regan, 1913
- Kuhlia splendens Regan, 1913
- Kuhlia xenura (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882)[8]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Kuhlia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230.
- ^ Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Kuhliidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of āhole". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of āholehole". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Kuhlia rupestris". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ Fricke, Ron; Eschmeyer, William N. & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Kuhlia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
- ^ a b Randall, J.E.; H.A. Randall (2001). "Review of the fishes of the genus Kuhlia (Perciformes: Kuhliidae) of the Central Pacific". Pacific Science. 55 (3): 227–256. doi:10.1353/psc.2001.0024.
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- ^ McRae, Mark G.; McRae, Lori Benson; Michael Fitzsimons, J. (2011). "Habitats used by Juvenile Flagtails ( Kuhlia spp.; Perciformes: Kuhliidae) on the Island of Hawai'i". Pacific Science. 65 (4): 441–450. doi:10.2984/65.4.441. ISSN 0030-8870.
- ^ Oka, Shin-ichiro; Tachihara, Katsunori (2007). "Migratory history of the spotted flagtail, Kuhlia marginata". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 81 (3): 321–327. doi:10.1007/s10641-007-9203-z. ISSN 0378-1909.
- ^ Oka, Shin-ichiro; Tachihara, Katsunori (2001-11-01). "Estimation of spawning sites in the spotted flagtail, Kuhlia marginata , based on sperm motility". Ichthyological Research. 48 (4): 425–427. doi:10.1007/s10228-001-8168-8. ISSN 1341-8998.