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Gagea

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"Lloydia" redirects here. For the journal, see Lloydia (journal).

Gagea
Gagea lutea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Gagea
Salisb.
Synonyms[1]
  • Upoxis Adans.
  • Rhabdocrinum Rchb.
  • Ornithoxanthum Link
  • Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb. 1830 not Delile 1844 (Poaceae)
  • Nectarobothrium Ledeb.
  • Cronyxium Raf.
  • Hemierium Raf.
  • Hornungia Bernh. [1840], illegitimate homonym not Rchb. [1837] (Brassicaceae)
  • Reggeria Raf.
  • Bulbillaria Zucc.
  • Plecostigma Turcz.
  • Boissiera Haens. ex Willk. [1846], illegitimate homonym not Hochst. ex Steud. [1840] (syn of Bromus in Poaceae) nor Hochst. ex Griseb. [1852] (Poaceae)
  • Solenarium Dulac
  • Szechenyia Kanitz
  • Giraldiella Dammer
Flowers of Gagea lutea
Gagea minima (least gagea)

Gagea is a large genus of spring flowers in the lily family.[2] Gagea are perennially flowering plants.[3][4] It is found primarily in Eurasia with a few species extending into North Africa and one species (Gagea serotina) in North America.[1][4][5][6][7][8]

The genus is named after the English naturalist Sir Thomas Gage (1781–1820). They were originally described as species of Ornithogalum, which, together with the usual yellow colour of the flowers, explains the English name yellow star-of-Bethlehem for the common European species, Gagea lutea.[9][1]

Morphology

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The genus contains geophytes that use bulbous parts to survive unfavorable conditions and quickly reproduce during favorable conditions. Gagea species have persistent tepals, and are generally smaller in size than other closely related genera in the Liliaceae family.[10]

The genus has varied leaf morphology. However, it is common for them to have basal leaves, some of which are cauline. Some species have trichomes. These trichomes differ in their morphology. For instance, G. alberti and G. jensii have dendroid-type trichomes, but G. stepposa has glandular trichomes. It is also common for Gagea species to have amphistomatic stomata.[11]

Reproduction

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Gagea are primarily insect-pollinated. Its species begin flowering immediately after Winter ends, early into the spring.[12]

Ecology

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During their flowering periods, species show different environmental adaptations based on their habitats. G. sect Platayspermum Boiss live in more arid regions, where it is common for insects to feed upon any exposed fruits or seeds from flowering plants. Therefore, the sect. uses large, tough sepals to ward off insects attempting to consume its fruit when it is in its developing phase. Other sects, such as G. lutea, commonly emerge immediately after snowmelt. Unlike in more arid regions, these species will have greener sepals after the flower is fully open.[10][13]

Species

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As of January 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes over 200 species, including those previously assigned to Lloydia.[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Lloydia". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  2. ^ Salisbury, Richard Anthony. 1806" Annals of Botany 2: 555
  3. ^ Schnittler, Martin; Nursafina, Akmaral; Peterson, Angela; Peterson, Jens; Barnick, Carl; Klahr, Anja (2017-10-03). "Studies of life history of Gagea graeca (Liliaceae) based on morphological and molecular methods". Botanical Studies. 58 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0194-6. ISSN 1999-3110. PMC 5626670. PMID 28975526.
  4. ^ a b Zarrei, M.; Zarre, S.; Wilkin, P.; Rix, M. (2007). "Systematic revision of the genus Gagea Salisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 559–588. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00678.x.
  5. ^ Tison, J.M. (2009). An update of the genus Gagea Salisb. (Liliaceae) in the Iberian peninsula. Lagascalia 29: 7-22
  6. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Gagea
  7. ^ Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 117 顶冰花属 ding bing hua shu Gagea Salisbury, Ann. Bot. (Oxford). 2: 555. 1806.
  8. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 121 洼瓣花属 wa ban hua shu Lloydia Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Excurs. 102. 1830.
  9. ^ Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Moore, D.M.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A., eds. (1980). Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20108-7. p. 25.
  10. ^ a b Zarrei, M.; Wilkin, P.; Ingrouille, M. J.; Chase, M. W. (2011-01-28). "A revised infrageneric classification for Gagea Salisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data". Phytotaxa. 15: 44–56. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.15.1.6. ISSN 1179-3163.
  11. ^ Qiu, Juan; Lin, Musen; Tan, Dunyan (2023-11-29). "Taxonomic implications of leaf morphology and epidermal anatomy for 14 species of Gagea (Liliaceae) from Xinjiang, China". Botanical Studies. 64 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s40529-023-00405-9. ISSN 1999-3110. PMC 10684841. PMID 38017242.
  12. ^ Schnittler, Martin; Peterson, Angela; Peterson, Jens; Beisenova, Saltanat; Bersimbaev, Rakhmetkazhi I.; Pfeiffer, Tanja (2013-12-01). "Minor differences with big consequences: Reproductive patterns in the genus Gagea (Liliaceae)". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 208 (10): 591–598. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2013.09.002. ISSN 0367-2530.
  13. ^ Ninuola, Sunmonu; Kudo, Gaku (October 2015). "Warm temperature conditions restrict the sexual reproduction and vegetative growth of the spring ephemeral Gagea lutea (Liliaceae)". Hokkaido University. Retrieved February 2, 2026.
  14. ^ "Gagea". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-01-09.

Bibliography

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  • M. Zarrei, Wilkin, P., Ingrouille, M. J., & Chase, M. W. (2011). A revised infrageneric classification for Gagea Salisb (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data. Phytotaxa, 15(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.15.1.6
  • Schnittler, M., Nursafina, A., Peterson, A., Peterson, J., Barnick, C., & Klahr, A. (2017). Studies of life history of Gagea graeca (Liliaceae) based on morphological and molecular methods. Botanical Studies, 58(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-017-0194-6
  • Schnittler, M., Peterson, A., Peterson, J., Beisenova, S., Bersimbaev, R. I., & Pfeiffer, T. (2013). Minor differences with big consequences: Reproductive patterns in the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 208(10-12), 591–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2013.09.002
  • Sunmonu, N., & Kudo, G. (2015). Warm temperature conditions restrict the sexual reproduction and vegetative growth of the spring ephemeral Gagea lutea (Liliaceae). Plant Ecology, 216(10), 1419–1431. https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/repo/huscap/all/63014/
  • Qiu, J., Lin, M., & Tan, D. (2023). Taxonomic implications of leaf morphology and epidermal anatomy for 14 species of Gagea (Liliaceae) from Xinjiang, China. Botanical Studies, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-023-00405-9
  • Peterson, Angela; Levichev, Igor G.; Peterson, Jens (February 2008). "Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (2): 446–465. Bibcode:2008MolPE..46..446P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.016. PMID 18180173.
  • Tison, Jean-Marc; Peterson, Angela; Harpke, Dörte; Peruzzi, Lorenzo (28 November 2012). "Reticulate evolution of the critical Mediterranean Gagea sect. Didymobulbos (Liliaceae) and its taxonomic implications". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 299 (2): 413–438. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0731-4. S2CID 24970202.
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