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Gender marker

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A gender marker is the field on a passport or other personal documentation that displays the holder's gender identity. The marker on most IDs issued will match the person's assigned gender at birth (AGAB). Some countries will issue non-AGAB gender markers to intersex, transgender, or non-binary individuals.

Female (F) and male (M) California driver's licenses. Gender markers are circled in red.

Common values

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The most common gender markers found internationally on identifying documents are "M" and "F" (for male and female). Some countries allow a citizen to choose "X" as their gender marker, or to change their gender marker from M to F for male-to-female (MtF) individuals, or F to M for female-to-male (FtM) individuals.[1] The X marker is commonly used for individuals whose gender or sex fall outside the typical binaries, such as non-binary or intersex individuals.[2]

Some countries have used or currently use a different term on their census data or other identification methods for non-binary or intersex citizens. For instance, India and Bangladesh have both previously used the marker "E" (short for "eunuch") on passports or voter registration to denote trans individuals, with India allowing it on passports from 2005 and voter registration from 2009.[3] Multiple South and East Asian countries use terms such as "hijra" or others to denote a third gender or trans individuals, and this is occasionally reflected on official documentation.[4]

Recognition of non-binary gender markers

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Of the M, F, and X gender markers, X is the least commonly seen due to lack of recognition globally. As of early 2026, 16 countries have fully recognized both the use of X or some other "third gender" option for intersex individuals as well as those who wish to adopt it. This does not include Botswana, who passed a law to that effect in 2017 but has not allowed anyone to actually do so.[5][6] Four more countries recognize X only for intersex individuals and a further four countries have varying recognition depending on region/state.[5]

Countries who fully recognize a non-binary gender marker for all individuals

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Countries who allow non-binary gender markers for intersex individuals only

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  • Austria – "divers", "inter", "open", or X markers available after expert's diagnosis. Switching between F and M available only with expert's opinion and attempts to visually transition[22]
  • Kenya – ambiguous laws regarding self-determination, an Eldoret High Court ruling in 2025 reaffirmed citizens right to determine their "self-identified gender."[23] There remains no proper route for changing gender marker,[24] however intersex individuals could chose to put "I" on their documentation for the Kenyan 2024 census[25]
  • Mauritius – per a 2021 amendment to the Mauritius Civil Status Act: "Where the sex of a newborn cannot be determined due to congenital anomalies at the time of birth or stillbirth, the officer shall register the sex as 'undetermined'"[26]
  • Morocco – since 2021, individuals with ambiguous sex at birth are identified at birth as "الخنثى" (al-khunthā) or "intersex" (lit. "hermaphrodite")[27]

Countries with regional (but not national) recognition of non-binary gender markers

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  • United States – The US has varying legality across all 50 states for recognition of the non-binary gender marker (typically X). These laws also vary, sometimes amongst the same state, depending on what document the individual wishes to update (passport, driver's license, birth certificate, etc.).[1] Additionally, although passports with the X marker have been available since 2022, recent pressure by the second Trump administration has led US Customs and Border Protection and other government agencies to not recognize them for travelers[28]
US states by "X" gender marker availability
  Self-determination or court order allowed
  Required via federal court order
  Policy unclear
  No "X" marker allowed
  No gender marker change allowed
  • Mexico – legality varies by state to state, with 20 out of 31 Mexican states and Mexico City allowing trans people to correct their name and gender marker on official documentation[29]
  • Spain – national protection of documentation change without supporting evidence since 2022, however this does not include intersex or non-binary individuals. However, the Spanish provinces of Navarre and La Rioja have included these groups since 2017, and Catalonia has included them since 2022[30]
  • Brazil – national protection of documentation change without supporting evidence since 2018.[31] However, a high court case verdict in 2025 upheld an individual's right to choose a non-binary gender on their official documentation[32]

Countries without a third gender marker option, but allow self-determination (M or F)

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  • Botswana – since 2017[33]
  • Ireland – since 2015[34]
  • Uruguay – since 2018, the federal government also recognizes non-binary gender identities but doesn't provide pathways for reflecting them on official documentation.[35][36]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Movement Advancement Project | Identity Document Laws and Policies". www.lgbtmap.org. Archived from the original on 2023-07-25. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  2. ^ "Gender Markers Definition | Equity". www.stonybrook.edu. Archived from the original on 2026-02-23. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  3. ^ a b c Knight, Kyle (12 April 2012). "Nepal's Third Gender and the Recognition of Gender Identity". HuffPost. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  4. ^ a b Titir, Abdullah (December 2019). Hossain, Sara; Ibrahim, Ahmad (eds.). "From Recognition to Realising Rights: Legal Protection of Gender Identity in Bangladesh Law" (PDF). share-netbangladesh.org. Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2026. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  5. ^ a b "Legal recognition of non-binary gender by country". Equaldex. Archived from the original on 2026-02-18. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  6. ^ "Crying for change". The Voice. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  7. ^ Kizilbash, Mariam (10 January 2022). "Pakistan's Inspirational Transgender Persons' Law- Some Years Later". Oxford Human Rights Hub. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  8. ^ Haider, Zeeshan (28 June 2017). "Pakistan issues landmark transgender passport; fight for rights goes on". Reuters. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  9. ^ "Landmark Transgender Law Enforced in Denmark". Equal Rights Trust. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  10. ^ "Self-Determination". German Missions in the United States. Archived from the original on 7 December 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  11. ^ Hoi, Geraldine Wong Sak (2024-05-13). "Which countries have adopted a third gender identity marker?". swissinfo.ch. Archived from the original on 2026-02-17. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  12. ^ "Gender Autonomy". www.government.is. Archived from the original on 2025-09-06. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  13. ^ "Legal Gender Recognition and Bodily Integrity". humanrights.gov.mt. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  14. ^ "First Dutch gender-neutral passport issued". BBC. 2018-10-19. Archived from the original on 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  15. ^ Fung, Katherine (February 21, 2025). "Which Countries Recognize Third Gender Option on Passports?" (PDF). NewsWeek. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  16. ^ "Entry #11939: Legal recognition of non-binary gender in Costa Rica". Equaldex. 2025-04-20. Archived from the original on 2025-09-13. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  17. ^ "LGBT Rights in Australia". Equaldex. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  18. ^ Collins, Simon (4 December 2012). "X marks the spot on passport for transgender travellers". NZ Herald. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2026.
  19. ^ Cabrera, Cristian González (2021-07-22). "Argentina Recognizes Non-Binary Identities". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  20. ^ Sierra, Laura Valentina Cortés; Gautherin, Laure; Constantino, Sophia; Hauger, Bertrand; Goninet, Anne-Sophie (2024-02-26). "LGBTQ+ International: Chile's Non-Binary ID, Slovakia In Mourning, Mr Gay World — And The Week's Other Top News". Worldcrunch. Archived from the original on 2025-10-11. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  21. ^ "Colombia: Situation of LGBTQI+ people" (PDF). Asylos. June 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
  22. ^ "Changing assigned sex". www.oesterreich.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2026-02-23. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  23. ^ Kisika, Sam (2025-09-02). "Kenyan judge rules government must legally recognize transgender people". Washington Blade. Archived from the original on 2026-02-23. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  24. ^ "Kenyan Court Orders Legal Recognition of Transgender People in Landmark Ruling". Streamline. 2025-09-02. Archived from the original on 2026-02-24. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  25. ^ "Kenya is first African nation to recognise intersex as gender". AfricaNews. 13 August 2024. Archived from the original on 2025-07-10. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  26. ^ Civil Status Act. Laws of Mauritius. Retrieved from https://lawsofmauritius.govmu.org/portal/viewlegislationdocument/web/?doctitle=Q2l2aWwgU3RhdHVzIEFjdA==&docnumber=&doctype=act
  27. ^ Adilo, Adil (2021-07-01). "تعديلات الحالة المدنية .. المغرب يسمح بتغيير الجنس (وثيقة)". Rue20 (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2 August 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  28. ^ Green, Hannah Harris (2025-10-18). "US tells airlines to disregard 'X' sex markers on passports and input 'M' or 'F'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2026-02-25.
  29. ^ Gómez-Lugo, Fanny; Pérez, Michelle Jones (23 June 2023). "Progress and Challenges in Legal Gender Identity Recognition in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico, and the Role of Advisory Opinion 24/17" (PDF). Arcus Foundation. p. 5. Retrieved 13 February 2026.
  30. ^ "LGBT Rights in Spain". Equaldex. Archived from the original on 2026-02-05. Retrieved 2026-02-25.
  31. ^ Reid, Graeme (2018-03-14). "Brazil Boosts Transgender Legal Recognition | Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2026-02-23. Retrieved 2026-02-25.
  32. ^ "Brazilian court allows gender neutral designation in documents for the first time". AP News. 2025-05-07. Archived from the original on 2025-05-09. Retrieved 2026-02-25.
  33. ^ Crittenton, Anya (2019-03-14). "Botswana High Court postpones ruling on decriminalizing gay sex". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
  34. ^ "Legal recognition of your preferred gender". www.citizensinformation.ie. 11 November 2025. Archived from the original on 2025-08-05. Retrieved 2026-02-25.
  35. ^ "2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Uruguay". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2026-02-26. Retrieved 2026-02-26.
  36. ^ "Ley N° 19684: Aprobacion de la Ley Integral para Personas Trans". www.impo.com.uy. 2018. Archived from the original on 2026-02-27. Retrieved 2026-02-26.