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Guthred
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| Guthred | |
|---|---|
| King of Northumbria | |
| Reign | c. 883 – 24 August 895 (or perhaps 894) |
| Predecessor | Ecgberht II |
| Successor | Sigfroðr or Knútr (or both) |
| Died | 24 August 895 (or perhaps 894) |
| Burial | |
| Father | Hardacnut |
| Religion | unknown, probably syncretic |
Guthred Hardacnutsson (Old Norse: Guðfriðr; Latin: Guthfridus; born c. 844 – died 24 August 895 AD) was the second viking king of Northumbria from circa 883 until his death.
Life
[edit]Kings of Northumbria in the Norse era
[edit]The first known king of Viking York, Halfdan, was expelled in 877. In c. 883, Symeon of Durham's History of the Kings simply states, "Guthred, from a slave, was made king", but his History of the Church of Durham gives a longer account. Here he writes that after Halfdan was driven out:
During this time the [Viking] army, and such of the inhabitants as survived, being without a king, were insecure; whereupon the blessed Cuthbert himself appeared in a vision to abbot Eadred [of the monastery at Carlisle]...[and] addressed him in the following words:—"Go to the army of the Danes," he said, "and announce to them that you are come as my messenger; and ask where you can find a lad named Guthred, the son of Hardacnut, whom they sold to a widow. Having found him, and paid the widow the price of his liberty, let him be brought forward before the whole aforesaid army; and my will and pleasure is, that he be elected and appointed king at Oswiesdune, (that is, Oswin's hill), and let the bracelet be placed upon his right arm.[1]
It is not clear whether Guthred was a Christian, but his relations with the community of Saint Cuthbert, which was a major force in the former Bernicia, and which had lain outside the influence of Halfdan, whose authority was limited to the former Deira—approximately Yorkshire—were good. He granted much land between the River Tyne and the River Wear to the community. This had once belonged to the Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, and formed the core lands of the church of Durham. Other lands, at the mouth of the River Tees, Guthred allowed Eadred to purchase for the church.[2]
Symeon recounts that Guthred faced a large invasion by the Scots, which was defeated with the aid of Saint Cuthbert.[3]
Death
[edit]Guthred died on 24 August 895 (or perhaps 894) and was buried at York Minster.[4]
Æthelweard the 10th century historian, wrote in his Chronicon for 895:
There also died Guthfrith. king of the Northumbrians, on the feast of the apostle St Bartholomew [24 August]; his body is entombed in the city of York in the chief church.[5]
The 11th century historian Adam of Bremen reported that king Guthred followed Halfdan, and after him, his sons, Olaf, Sigfred and Ragnald were kings of Northumbria. Some of those kings may include the later kings of Jorvik: Sitric Cáech and Ragnall ua Ímair - both grandsons of Imar.
Guthred has been speculated to be a son or son-in-law of Imar or a member of the Uí Ímair dynasty.[6] Adam cited a lost work called- Gesta Anglorum this way:
‘They also sent one of Halfdan's companions to Anglia. When he was killed by the Angles, the Danes set Guthred in his place. This conquered Northumbria, which is written in Gesta Anglorums’.[7]
‘As written in Gesta Anglorum, and after the dead of Guthred, his sons Olaf, Sigfred and Ragnald reigned Anglia which remained under Danish domination for almost a hundred years’.[8]
Cultural depictions
[edit]Literature
[edit]Guthred appears as a character in Bernard Cornwell's The Saxon Stories series, figuring particularly in The Lords of the North (2006).
Television
[edit]He is portrayed by Thure Lindhardt in the TV adaptation of Cornwell's novel series, The Last Kingdom.
Video games
[edit]In Total War Saga: Thrones of Britannia, Guthred (spelled Guthfrid in the game) leads the playable faction of Northymbre.[9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Symeon of Durham, History of the Church of Durham, Chapter XXVIII.
- ^ Higham, Northern Counties, pp. 310–311.
- ^ Symeon of Durham, History of the Church of Durham, Chapters XXVIII–XXIX.
- ^ Stenton, pp. 262–263.
- ^ "The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Aethelweard". Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ^ Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland, pp. 76
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984), Historien om Hamburgstiftet och dess biskopar. Stockholm: Proprius, p. 170 (Praefatio, Chapter 41).
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984), Historien om Hamburgstiftet och dess biskopar. Stockholm: Proprius, p. 170 (Book II, Chapter 22).
- ^ Total War (15 March 2018), Total War Saga: Thrones of Britannia – Northymbre Trailer, archived from the original on 15 December 2021, retrieved 15 March 2018
References
[edit]- Downham, Clare (2007), Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014, Edinburgh: Dunedin, ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0
- Higham, N. J. (1986), The Northern Counties to AD 1000, Harlow: Longman, ISBN 0-582-49276-9
- Higham, N. J. (1993), The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-86299-730-5
- Hudson, Benjamin (2005), Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion and Empire in the North Atlantic, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516237-4, OCLC 55286670
- Symeon of Durham (1855). "The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham". Church Historians of England, volume III, part II. Translated by J. Stevenson. Seeley's. Retrieved 27 January 2007.
- Stenton, Frank M. (1971), Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280139-2, OCLC 185499725
- Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5