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Hanunoo language
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| Hanunoo | |
|---|---|
| Hanunó'o | |
| ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ | |
| Pronunciation | [hanunuʔɔ] |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Mimaropa |
Native speakers | (13,000 cited 2000)[1] |
| Hanunuo | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | hnn |
| Glottolog | hanu1241 |
Hanunoo, or Hanunó'o (IPA: [hanunuʔɔ]), is a language spoken by Hanunoo-Mangyans on the island of Mindoro, Philippines. It is written in the Hanunoo script. Hanunoo is part of the Austronesian language family, within the cluster of Southern Mindoro languages.[2]
Geographic distribution
[edit]Hanunoo is spoken in the following locations according to Barbian (1977):[3]
- Barrio Tugtugin, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
- Naluak, Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro (on the upper Caguray River)
- Bamban, Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro (also with Ratagnon and Bisayan residents)
- Barrio Panaytayan, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro (about 5 km (3.1 mi) from the highway in the mountains southwest of Mansalay)
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Hanunoo has 16 consonant phonemes.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ[a] | |
| voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||
| Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||||
| Trill | r ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
- ^ Hanunoo does not write glottal stops.
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
| Mid | (ə) | ||
| Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
- /a i/ can be heard as [ə ɪ] within closed syllables.
- /u/ can be heard as [o] within word-final syllables.
- /i/ can be heard as an open-mid [ɛ] among some speakers in certain words.[5]
Diphthongs
[edit]Hanunoo also has four diphthongs: /ai̯/, /au̯/, /iu̯/, and /ui̯/.[6]
Grammar and syntax
[edit]Pronouns in Hanunoo are inflected to indicate grammatical case, number, tense, inclusion, and person. Verbs can be inflected for grammatical aspect, active versus passive voice, and grammatical mode. Adjectives can be inflected to show different degrees of comparison.[7]
Word order can be determined by relative importance but the most common is verb–subject–object, with passive voice being preferred.[8]
Color categories
[edit]The Hanunoo language has four basic color terms, these being mabīru (the core of which is black; also includes violet, blue, indigo, dark green and all dark shades), malagtiˀ (white; also all very light tints of other colors), mararaˀ (orange-red; also all other warm tones), and malatuy (leaf green; also mixtures of greens, yellows, and light browns).[9] Mararaˀ and malatuy are also used to refer to "dry" or "fresh" colors; for example, a freshly cut piece of brown bamboo would be malatuy rather than mararaˀ, despite brown being a warm color.[9]
In addition to the four primary color terms, Hanunoo has several secondary color terms. Many of these terms come from existing nouns, either by using the noun outright (bulāwan refers both to the metal gold and to a golden color) or by adding the prefix ma- (lit. "exhibiting, having, to be").[9][10] For instance, madilaw (yellow) comes from dilaw, meaning "turmeric".[9]
To refer specifically to the core colors the word gid will be added after the initial color term, such as mabīru gid (jet black, lit. "very black").[9] For hues further from the focal point the second part of the word is repeated, like mabīrubīru ("somewhat black") for a shade that isn't pure black, but it still in the mabīru category.[9] This is also done with secondary color terms, for instance madīlawdīlaw ("weak yellow").[9]
Color is usually not considered as important as texture or light reflectivity when describing objects in Hanunoo, with many descriptions being polymorphemic.[9]
Color table
[edit]| Color name | In Hanunoo script | In English |
|---|---|---|
| Core Colors | ||
| Mabīru | ᜫᜪᜲᜭᜳ | Black |
| Malagtiɂ | ᜫᜮᜤ᜴ᜦᜲ | White |
| Mararaɂ | ᜫᜭᜭ | Orange-red |
| Malatuy | ᜫᜮᜦᜳᜬ᜴ | Leaf green |
| Secondary colors | ||
| Baɂilanún | ᜪᜡᜮᜨᜳᜨ᜴ | A burnt reddish-brown[11] |
| Bulāwan | ᜪᜳᜮᜯᜨ᜴ | Golden (lit. "gold"") |
| Bulháw | ᜪᜳᜱᜯ᜴ | Light blue[11] |
| Dúlas (also Madulasdúlas) | ᜧᜳᜮᜰ᜴ | "Reddish, shiny"[11] |
| Maɂarum | ᜫᜠᜭᜳᜫ᜴ | Violet[9] |
| Madapug | ᜫᜧᜩᜳᜤ᜴ | Grey (lit. "to be ash/[a] hearth") |
| Madilaw | ᜫᜧᜲᜮᜯ᜴ | Yellow (lit. "to be turmeric") |
| Magilang | ᜫᜤᜲᜮᜥ᜴ | Iridescent greens, blues, and purples (lit. "exhibits iridescence"[11] |
References
[edit]- ^ Hanunoo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Epo 2014, pp. 2.
- ^ Barbian, Karl-Josef (1977). English-Mangyan Vocabulary. Cebu City: University of San Carlos.
- ^ a b Epo 2014, pp. 5, 9.
- ^ Epo 2014, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Epo 2014, p. 7.
- ^ Epo 2014, p. 14.
- ^ Epo 2014, p. 16, 20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Conklin, Harold C. (1955). "Hanunóo Color Categories". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11 (4): 339–344. ISSN 0038-4801. Retrieved 21 July 2026.
- ^ Epo 2014, pp. 10.
- ^ a b c d Conklin, Harold (1953). Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (PDF). University of California Press. Retrieved 22 July 2026.
Bibliography
[edit]- Epo, Yrrah Jane S. (2014). Discourse Analysis of Suyot: A Hanunuo-Mangyan Folk Narrative (MA thesis). Payap University. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.695.4257.
Further reading
[edit]External links
[edit]- Hanunuo Archived 2016-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, Mangyan Heritage Center. (About the people.)