Janid dynasty

Janids (Ashtarkhanids)
Janid ruler Imam Quli Khan of Bukhara (r.1611 to 1642).
Parent family	Borjigin
Country	Uzbek Khanate Astrakhan Khanate Khanate of Bukhara
Place of origin	Golden Horde , Astrakhan Khanate
Founded	c. 1599
Founder	Baqi Muhammad Khan
Final ruler	Abu'l Ghazi (nominal)
Titles	Khan
Traditions	Sunni Islam
Estate(s)	Volga Central Asia
Dissolution	c. 1785

The Janids or Ashtarkhanids were an Uzbek dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin in Central Asia.^[1] They succeeded the Shaybanids and ruled the Khanate of Bukhara from 1599 to 1785.^[2] The dynasty traced its lineage to Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, through Tuqa-Timur, one of Jochi’s sons, which formed the basis of their political legitimacy.^[3] The dynasty originated in Astrakhan, from which the name Ashtarkhanid is derived, and is also referred to in scholarly literature as the Toqay-Timurids.^[4]

Under the Janids, Bukhara functioned as an Islamic polity, characterized by the patronage of religious institutions, traditional governance, and the continued importance of Chinggisid legitimacy.^[5] The Janids maintained dynastic continuity until their displacement by the Manghit emirs in the mid-18th century.^[6]

During their rule, the Janids presided over a period in which the Khanate of Bukhara reached a period of notable cultural and political development. Janid rulers were notable patrons of architecture and learning, sponsoring the construction of mosques and madrasas in Bukhara and Samarkand, including major additions to the Registan ensemble, which became enduring symbols of Central Asian Islamic culture.^[7]

History

In 1598, Abdullah Khan II from the Shaybanid dynasty, who had rule the Khanate of Bukhara since 1583, died.^[8]

After his death, the throne passed to his only son Abd al-Mumin, but he was soon killed by rebels.^[9] As the son of Abd al-Mumin was only two years old, the first cousin of Abdullah Khan II, Pir Muhammad II, was chosen as new Khan.^[10] This appointment was contested by several other rulers, like Tauekel Khan of the Kazakhs, Kasim Sultan and Baqi Muhammad, whose mother was Abdullah Khan's sister and whose father a prince from Astrakhan named Jani Muhammed Beg.

Baqi Muhammad was victorious and Pir Muhammad II was killed in battle.^[11] With his death, the Shaybanid dynasty ended, and Baqi Muhammad became the first Khan of the Janid or Ashtarkhanid dynasty.

The name Janid, comes from his father Jani Muhammed Beg. He was the son of Prince Yar Muhammed, who was a member of the Tuqay-Timurid who had ruled the Astrakhan Khanate, until they were chased by the Russians in 1555.^[12]

The Sher-Dor Madrasa, built between 1619 and 1636 by Governor of Samarkand Yalangtoʻsh Bakhodir, Khanate of Bukhara

Tilya Kori Madrasa, also built by Yalangtoʻsh Bakhodir, between 1646 and 1660. Samarqand Registan.

The Janid dynasty ruled the Bukhara Khanate from 1599 to 1785.
In 1740, Bukhara was conquered by Persia, but Abu al-Fayz Khan remained on the throne. The real power was in the hands of Ataliq Muhammad Rahim, who even had the Khan killed in 1747. The successors of the Khan were all puppets in the hands of their Ataliqs.This situation ended when the new Ataliq Shah Murad deposed Khan Abu'l Ghazi, pronounced himself Emir of Bukhara and created his own Manghud dynasty.

Rulers

• Baqi Muhammad Khan (1599–1605)
• Vali Muhammad Khan (1605–1611)
• Imam Quli Khan (1611–1642)
• Nadr Muhammad Khan (1642–1645)
• Abd al-Aziz Khan (1645–1680)
• Subhan Quli Khan (1680–1702)^[13][14][15]
• Ubaidullah Khan (1702–1711)^[16]
• Abu al-Fayz Khan (1711–1747)
• Muhammad Abd al-Mumin (1747–1748, nominal)
• Muhammad Ubaidullah II (1748–1753, nominal)
• Abu'l Ghazi (1758–1785, nominal)

Genealogy

House of Borjigin

Mongol Empire   Golden Horde   Blue Horde (Debatable)   Great Horde   Astrakhan Khanate   Bukhara Khanate Temüjin r. 1206–1227 Jochi r. 1225–1227 Tuqa-Timur Kay-Timur Abay Numqan Qutluq-Timur Uljay-Timur r. 1368–1368 Qutluq-Beg Temür Qutlugh r. 1397–1399 Shadi Beg r. 1399–1407 Pulad r. 1407–1410 Timur r. 1410–1412 Ghiyath ad-Din II r. 1425–1426 Küchük Muhammad r. 1433–1459 Mustafa II r. 1431–1433 Mahmud r. 1459–1465 r. 1465–1466 Ahmad r. 1465–1481 Chuwaq Qasim I r. 1466–1490 Abdul-Karim r. 1490–1504 Murtada r. 1486–1494 r. 1493–1494 Shaykh-Ahmad r. 1481–1493,  1494–1502 Sayyid-Ahmad III r. 1485–1502 Mangishlaq Abdur-Rahman r. 1534–1538 Aq Kubek r. 1532–1534,  1541–1544 Berdi-Beg Shaykh-Haydar r. 1538–1541 Qasim II r. 1504–1532 Yar-Muhammad Yamghurchi r. 1544–1554 Darwish-Ali r. 1554–1556 Jani-Muhammad r. 1599–1603 Din-Muhammad Baqi-Muhammad r. 1599–1605 r. 1603–1605 Wali-Muhammad r. 1605–1611,  1611–1611 Imam-Quli r. 1611–1611,  1611–1642 Nadir-Muhammad r. 1642–1645 Rajab-Muhammad Abdul-Aziz r. 1645–1681 Subhan-Quli r. 1681–1702 Ibrahim Ubaydullah II r. 1702–1711 Abu'l-Fayd r. 1711–1747 Abu'l-Ghazi r. 1758–1785 Abu'l-Mu'min r. 1747–1748 Ubaydullah III r. 1748–1753 Yulduz Begim Muhammad-Rahim r. 1753–1758 Manghit dynasty

References

1. Bregel, Yuri (1 July 2003). "An Historical Atlas of Central Asia". archive.org. Retrieved 1 July 2003.
2. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press.
3. The Turkic Peoples in World History.
4. Burton, J. Audrey. "Who Were the First Ashtarkhanid Rulers of Bukhara?". Central Asiatic Journal.
5. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press.
6. Burton, J. Audrey. "Who Were the First Ashtarkhanid Rulers of Bukhara?". Central Asiatic Journal.
7. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.
8. Welsford page 39
9. Welsford page 44-45
10. Welsford page 47-48
11. Welsford page 144
12. Welsford page 50-54
13. László Karoly (14 November 2014). A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. BRILL. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-90-04-28498-2.
14. Orvostörténeti Közlemények: Communicationes de historia artis medicinae. Könyvtár. 2006. p. 52.
15. Nil Sarı; International Society of the History of Medicine (2005). Otuz Sekizinci Uluslararası Tıp Tarihi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 1–6 Eylül 2002. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 845. ISBN 9789751618252.
16. Wilde, Andreas (2016). What is Beyond the River?: Power, Authority, and Social Order in Transoxania 18th–19th Centuries. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-7001-7866-8.

Sources

• Thomas Welsford: Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tuqay-Timurid Takeover of Greater M War Al-Nahr, 1598-1605