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Kade III

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Kade III
Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire
Reign15th century (1–7 years)
c. 1440–1444[a]
PredecessorIbrahim II
SuccessorBiri IV
Diedc. 1444
"Amará"/"Amazá" or Damasak, Bornu
IssueMuhammad IV
Uthman IV
DynastySayfawa dynasty (Dawudid[b])
FatherUthman III Kalinumuwa (?)

Kade III[c] (Kade bin ʿUthmān[3]) was mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the mid-15th century, ruling approximately 1440–1444.[a] Kade ruled during the "Era of Instability", a chaotic period of internal and external conflict in the empire.

Life

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Kade was the son of a mai named Uthman,[2] probably Uthman III Kalinumuwa.[4] The account of Kade's rise to the throne is confused in the sources. A royal chronicle translated by the German explorer Heinrich Barth in the mid-19th century describes Kade as taking the throne after murdering his predecessor, the unpopular mai Ibrahim II.[6] Ibrahim was also a son of "Uthman" and thus possibly Kade's brother.[2][4] In a preceding section, Barth's chronicle also contradictorily describes Ibrahim II to have been placed upon the throne during the reign of mai Abdullah III Dakumuni, who ruled again for a brief period after Ibrahim's death.[6]

Kade had a short reign.[a] He was killed during dynastic succession conflicts by a rival, Dunama V Ahmad,[6] and was succeeded as mai by Biri IV.[3][2] The site of Kade's death is variously recorded as Amará/Amazá,[6] or Damaza (Damasak).[7]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Different king lists (girgams) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries give Kade different regnal lengths: 1 year (Barth, Palmer), 6 years (Urvoy, Nachtigal), or 7 years (Landeroin).[2] As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1450–1451 (Barth), 1443–1444 (Palmer), 1440–1446 (Urvoy), 1346–1353 (Landeroin), and 1377–1383 (Nachtigal).[2] Kade's position in Landeroin's and Nachtigal's lists is considerably different from the others.[2] Cohen (1966) contradicted the figures from the list and instead considered a reign of 4 years most likely.[2] Later authors have also proposed different dates. Lange (1984) and Stewart (1989) both assigned Kade a one-year reign, dated to 1439–1440[4] and 1450–1451,[5] respectively. Bosworth (2012) followed Cohen's 4-year figure and dated Kade's reign to 1440–1444.[3]
  2. ^ The 14th and 15th centuries saw protracted civil wars between the rival Idrisid (descendants of Idris I Nikalemi) and Dawudid (descendants of Dawud Nikalemi) branches of the Sayfawa dynasty.[1]
  3. ^ The name is also spelled Kadai.[2]

References

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  1. ^ Lange, Dierk (2012). "Ali Gajideni". Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 58, 63, 81.
  3. ^ a b c Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
  4. ^ a b c Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. University of California. p. 261. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
  5. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. McFarland & Company. p. 35.
  6. ^ a b c d Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longmans. p. 642.
  7. ^ Palmer, H. R. (1926). History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn). p. 114.