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Kesterite
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| Kësterite | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Sulfide mineral |
| Formula | Cu2(Zn,Fe)SnS4 |
| IMA symbol | Kës[1] |
| Strunz classification | 2.CB.15a |
| Crystal system | Tetragonal |
| Crystal class | Disphenoidal (4) H-M symbol: (4) |
| Space group | I4 |
| Unit cell | a = 5.427, c = 10.871 [Å]; Z = 2 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Greenish black |
| Crystal habit | Massive, pseudocubic |
| Cleavage | None |
| Mohs scale hardness | 4.5 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Streak | Black |
| Diaphaneity | Opaque |
| Specific gravity | 4.54–4.59 (meas.); 4.524 (calc.) |
| References | [2][3][4] |
Kësterite is a sulfide mineral with a chemical formula of Cu2(Zn,Fe)SnS4. In its lattice structure, zinc and iron atoms share the same lattice sites. Kesterite is the zinc-rich variety whereas the zinc-poor form is called ferrokesterite or stannite. Owing to their similarity, kesterite is sometimes called isostannite.[5] The synthetic form of kesterite is abbreviated as CZTS (from copper-zinc-tin sulfide). The name kesterite is sometimes extended to include this synthetic material and also CZTSe, which contains selenium instead of sulfur.[6][7] Along with perovskite, recent advances have made kesterite promising materials for solar panels.
Occurrence
[edit]Kesterite was first described in 1958 in regard to an occurrence in the Kester deposit and the associated locality in Ynnakh Mountain, Yana basin, Yakutia, Russia, where it was discovered.[2][3][4]
It is usually found in quartz-sulfide hydrothermal veins associated with tin ore deposits.[2] Associated minerals include arsenopyrite, stannoidite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, sphalerite and tennantite.[4]
Stannite and kesterite occur together in the Ivittuut cryolite deposit of southern Greenland. Solid solutions form between Cu2FeSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnS4 at temperatures above 680 °C. This accounts for the exsolved kesterite in stannite found in the cryolite.[8]
Use
[edit]Kesterite-like substances are being researched as a solar photovoltaic material.[9]
References
[edit]
- ^ Warr, Laurence N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
- ^ a b c Kesterite. Webmineral
- ^ a b Kesterite. Mindat.org
- ^ a b c Kesterite. Handbook of Mineralogy
- ^ Pracejus, Bernhard (2008). The ore minerals under the microscope: an optical guide. Elsevier. pp. 214–215. ISBN 978-0-444-52863-6.
- ^ Rau, Uwe; Abou-Ras, Daniel; Kirchartz, Thomas (2011). Advanced Characterization Techniques for Thin Film Solar Cells. John Wiley & Sons. p. 351. ISBN 978-3-527-63629-7.
- ^ Repins, Ingrid; Vora, Nirav; Beall, Carolyn; Wei, Su-Huai; Yan, Yanfa; Romero, Manuel; Teeter, Glenn; Du, Hui; To, Bobby; Young, Matt; Noufi, Rommel (2011). Kesterites and Chalcopyrites: A Comparison of Close Cousins; Preprint. 2011 Materials Research Society Spring Meeting. National Laboratory of the Rockies. doi:10.1557/opl.2011.844. OSTI 1015886.
- ^ Karup-Møller, Sven; Pauly, Hans (1979). Galena and associated ore minerals from the cryolite at Ivigtut, South Greenland. Greenland geoscience. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-87-17-02582-0.
- ^ Peplow, Mark (12 February 2018). "Kesterite solar cells get ready to shine". Chemical & Engineering News. 96 (7): 15–18.