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List of Chinese princesses

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The following is a list of people holding the title of princess throughout the history of China by dynasty.

Shang dynasty (商朝; c. 1600–1046/c. 1570—1045 BCE)

[edit]
Princesses of the Shang dynasty
Name Life Parents Spouse(s)/Children Notes Ref
Mother Father
Unknown ??? - ??? Fu Hao Wu Ding Unknown She was the full sister of Zu Ji. [1][2]
Unknown ???-??? Unknown [3]
Xiao Chen Tuo

(小臣妥)

???- 1100s BCE Fu Tuo Unknown She was a minister

Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE)

[edit]
Princesses of the Zhou dynasty
Name Life Parents Spouse(s) Children Notes Ref
Mother Father
Daji

(大姬)

???-??? Unknown King Wu of Zhou Duke Hu of Chen
  • Duke Shen of Chen
  • Chen Xianggong
She was the eldest daughter of King Wu of Zhou [4][5][failed verification]

Qin dynasty (秦朝; 221–207 BCE)

[edit]

Han Dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE)

[edit]
Princesses of Western Han Dynasty
Name Life Parents Spouse(s) Children Notes Ref
Mother Father
Princess Yuan of Lu

(魯元公主)

c.217 BC - May 187 BC Empress Lü Emperor Gaozu Zhang Ao She was the mother-in-law of Emperor Hui through her daughter's marriage. [6]
Piao,Eldest Princess Guantao
(館陶長公主)
189 - 116 BCE Empress Xiaowen Emperor Wen
  • Chen Wu
  • Marquis Tangyi
She was the mother-in-law of Emperor Wu through her daughter's marriage. [7][page needed][8]
Princess Changping (昌平公主) ???-??? Unknown Zhou Shengzhi Unknown Records of the Grand Historian refers to her only as “the princess,” while the Yuan dynasty's Comprehensive Examination of Literature identifies her as Princess Changping. [9][10]
Princess Pingyang

(平陽公主)

2nd century BC - After 111 BC Empress Xiaojing Emperor Jing
  • Cao Shi, Marquess of Pingyang
  • Xiahou Po, Marquess of Ruyin
  • Wei Qing, Marquess Lie of Changping
Cao Xiang Although her formal title was Grand Princess Yangxin (陽信長公主), she came to be commonly known as Princess Pingyang following the enfeoffment of her first husband, Cao Shi as Marquess of Pingyang. [11][page needed][12][page needed]
Princess Nangong

(南宮公主)

???-???
  • Zhang Zuo, Marquis Nangong
  • Zhang Hou Yeshen
Unknown She divorced her second husband due to him disrespecting her. [13]
Princess Longlü

(隆慮公主)

???-???
  • Chen Jiao, Marquis Longlü
Zhaoping Jun Emperor Wu of Han executed Zhao Ping jun. [14]
Grand Princess Wei

(衛長公主)

138 BC - ??? Empress Xiaowusi Emperor Wu
  • Cao Xiang, Marquis of Pingyang
  • Luan Da, Marquis of Letong
Cao Zong She was also known as Princess Dangli [15]
Princess Zhuyi

(諸邑公主)

???- 91 BC Unknown Unknown She was executed for witchcraft. [16]
Princess Shiyi

(石邑公主)

???-??? Unknown Unknown Princesses Shiyi maybe the same as Princess Yangshi but it is uncertain. [16]
Princess Eyi

(鄂邑公主)

???-80 BCE Unknown Unknown Wen Xin Upon the accession of her younger brother, Emperor Zhao, at the age of eight, she took custody of the imperial seals and was granted the title of Grand Princess. [17][failed verification]
Princess Yi'an

(夷安公主)

???-??? Unknown Zhaoping Jun Unknown She married her aunt Princess Longlü 's son, Zhaoping Jun. [18]
Princess Yangshi

(阳石公主)

???- 91 BC Unknown Unknown Unknown She was executed for wicthcraft. [16]
Liu Shi

,Princess Guantao (館陶公主)

71 BC-??? Jieyu, of the Hua clan Emperor Xuan Yu Yong, Marquis Xiping Unknown She was the adopted daughter of Huo Chengjun. [19][failed verification]
Princess Jingwu

(敬武公主)

???-3 Unknown Emperor Xuan
  • Zhang Lin, Marquis Fuping
  • Zhao Qin, Marquis Linping
  • Xue Xuan, Marquis Gaoyang
Zhang Fang Princess Jingwu was poisoned by Wang Mang. [20]
Princess Pingdu

(平都公主)

???-??? Consort Fu Emperor Yuan Unknown Unknown She was the aunt of Emperor Ai of Han. [21]
Princess Pingyang (平陽公主) ???-??? Unknown Unknown [22]
Princess Yingyi

(潁邑公主)

???-??? Unknown Du Ye (杜業) None [23]
Princesses Of Xin Dynasty
Name Life Parents Spouse(s) Children Notes Ref
Mother Father
Empress Xiaoping

(孝平王皇后)

9 BC - 23 AD Empress Wang Wang Mang Emperor Ping of Han None She committed suicide by immolation. [24]
Wang Ye

(王晔) Mu Xiuren (睦脩任)

?-? Zengzhi Unknown Unknown [25][failed verification][26]
Wang Jie

(王捷) Muzu Ren (睦逮任)

?-? Kaiming Unknown UnKnown [25][failed verification][26]
Princesses Of Eastern Han Dynasty
Name Life Parents Spouse(s) Children Notes Ref
Mother Father
Liu Huang (刘黄)

Princess Huyang (湖阳公主)

???-??? Fan Xiandu

(樊嫻都)

Liu Qin Unknown Unknown [27]
Liu Yuan

(劉元) Princess Xinye (新野公主)

???-22 CE Fan Xiandu

(樊嫺都)

Deng Chen 1 Son

3 Daughters

[28]

Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE)

[edit]
Princesses Of Tang Dynasty
Name Life Parents Spouse(s) Children Notes Ref
Mother Father
Princess Si of Anding

(安定思公主)

654 - 654 None None She is the elder daughter of Wu zetain and

suspected to be murdered either by Empress Wang or Wu Zetian

[29]
Princess Taiping

(太平公主)

After 662 - 2 August 713 Wu Zetian Emperor Gaozong of Tang
  • Xue Chongxun
  • Xue Chongjian
  • Lady Wanquan
  • Wu Chongmin
  • Wu Chongxing
  • Lady Wu
  • Lady Yonghe (possibly)
She was prominent political figure during Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty and the Tang dynasty during the reigns of Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong,especially during Emperor Ruizong's second reign, when for three years until her death, she was the real power behind the throne. [30]

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref
Empress Li Lady Cao Li Siyuan Shi Jingtang October 7, 950 [31]
Liu Hua 896 Liu Yin May 31, 930 [31]

Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref
Princess Xiansu Empress Xiaohui Emperor Taizu of Song Wang Chengyan 1008
Princess Xianjing Shi Baoji 1009
Princess Xianhui Wei Xianxin 999
Princess Anhui
Princess Xianhui
Princess Xuanhui

Liao Dynasty (907–1125 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref.
Yelü Zhigu Empress Chunqin Abaoji Xiao Shilu 911 [32][33]
Lübugu,Princess of Yan Xiao Siwen Empress Ruizhi

2 daughters

[33]
Yelü Chaogui Xiao Hailuo Xiao Tuyu 951 [33]
Yelu Abuli Empress Dowager Xiao (Shizong) Xiao Han 949 [33]

Western Xia (1038–1227 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref.
Princess Li Emperor Jingzong

Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref.
Princess of Bi Emperor Taizu Wugulun Elun (烏古論訛論) one son
Princess Wanyan Emperor Taizu Pucha Shijianu (蒲察石家奴

Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref.
Yuelie, Grand Princess of Zhao Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng Kublai Khan Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao four sons
Princess Ulujin, Grand Princess of Chang State Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng Kublai Khan Buqa from the Ikires cla
Chalun, Grand Princess of Chang State Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng Kublai Khan Teliqian from the Ikires clan
Öljei, Grand Princess of Lu Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng Kublai Khan Ulujin Küregen of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad A daughter
Nangiajin, Grand Princess of Lu Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng Kublai Khan Ulujin Küregen from the Khongirad clan
Qutugh Kelmysh, Queen Jangmok of Goryeo Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng Kublai Khan Wang Ko, Chungnyeol of Goryeo two sons and one daughter
Princess Chang Temür Khan
Princess Zhao Temür Khan
Princess Lu Temür Khan
Kökelün, Grand Princess of Lü State Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan Duoluben Küregen
Princess of Zheng State Empress Consort Empress Munashiri Toghon Temür Bohon Müsütw, Prince Zhendong of Wucheng
Princess of Chu State Empress Consort Empress Munashiri Seping Chimän Sitü, Prince of Liao (色坪持滿思特 遼王) of the Hongjila clan
Princess of Yan State Empress Consort Empress Munashiri Prince Nan of Zhongcheng (南忠成王) of the Hongjila clan
Princess of Wan State Empress Consort Empress Munashiri Empress Consort Empress Munashiri, of the Hongjila clan
Princess of Shu State Empress Consort Empress Munashiri Bätöng Gemän, Prince of Anping (安平王)

Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE)

[edit]
Name/Title Birthdate Mother Father Spouse(s) Children Death date Ref.
Zhu Jingjing,Princess Lin'an 1360 Noble Consort Chengmu Hongwu Emperor Li Qi (李祺; d. 1402), a son of Li Shanchang Two Sons 17 August 1421 [34][35]
Zhu Changning,Princess Ningguo 1364 Empress Xiaocigao Mei Yin, the nephew of Runan Hou Meisizu two sons (maybe three) 7 September 1434 [35]
Princess Chongning Unknown Niu Cheng (牛城) [35]
Princess Anqing Empress Xiaocigao Ouyang Lun (歐陽倫; d. 23 July 1397) [36]
Princess Runing Consort Ning [35]
Princess Huaiqing 1366 Noble Consort Chengmu Wang Ning, Marquis of Yongchun two sons 15 July 1425 [34]
Princess Daming 1368 Consort Ning 30 March 1426 [35]
Princess Fuqing 1370 Consort An 28 February 1417 [35]
Princess Shouchun 1370 Unknown Fu Zhong, the son of Fu Youde, Duke of Ying [35]
Zhu Yuhua ,Princess Nankang 1373 Lin Hu Guan, the son of Hu Hai, the Marquis of Dongchuan Hu Zhong November 15, 1438 [35]
Princess Zhenyi of Yongjia 1455 Consort Guo Guo Zhen, the eldest son of Guo Ying, the Marquis of Wuding [35]
Princess Hanshan 1381 "Han woman sent as tribute." Yin Qing Yoon Hoon, Yoon Ok October 18, 1462 [35]
Princess Ruyang Consort Guo Xie Da, the son of Xie Yan, a founding hero [35]
Princess Baoqing 1395 Unknown Zhao Hui [35]
Zhu Yuying,Princess Yong'an 20 July 1377 Empress Renxiaowen Yongle Emperor Yuan Rong, Marquis of Guangping Yuan Zhen

Yuan Ningning

Yuan Yaoying Yuan Shou'en

26 January 1417
Yuegui,Princess Yongping Yongle Emperor 22 April 1444
Princess Ancheng Yongle Emperor
Princess Xianning Yongle Emperor
Princess Changning Yongle Emperor
Princess Jiaxing 1409 Empress Chengxiaozhao Hongxi Emperor Jing Yuan March 9, 1439 [37]
Zhu Yuantong,Princess Qingdu September 1, 1409 Consort Zhao Hongxi Emperor Jiao Jing 1440 [38]
Princess Qinghe Hongxi Emperor
Princess De'an Hongxi Emperor
Princess Yanping Hongxi Emperor
Princess Deqing Hongxi Emperor
Princess Zhending Hongxi Emperor
Princess Shunde 1420 Empress Hu Xuande Emperor Shi Jing 1443 [39]
Princess Yongqing Xuande Emperor 1433
Princess Changde 1424 Empress Sun Xuande Emperor Xue Huan 1470 [40]
Princess Chongqing Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Jiashan Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Chun'an Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Guangde Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Longqing Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Yixing Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Jiaxiang Emperor Yingzong of Ming
Princess Gu'an Jingtai Emperor
Princess Renhe Chenghua Emperor
Princess Yongkang Chenghua Emperor
Princess Deqing Chenghua Emperor
Princess Changtai Chenghua Emperor
Princess Xianyou Chenghua Emperor
Princess Taikang Hongzhi Emperor
Princess Chang'an Jiajing Emperor
Princess Sirou Jiajing Emperor
Princess Ning'an Jiajing Emperor Li He
Princess Guishan Jiajing Emperor
Princess Jiashan Jiajing Emperor Xu Congcheng
Princess Penglai Wanli Emperor
Princess Taihe Wanli Emperor
Yao’e,Princess Shouyang Wanli Emperor Hou Gongchen
Yaoying,Princess Yongning Wanli Emperor Liang Bangrui
Yaoyuan ,Princess Rui'an Wanli Emperor Wan Wei
Yaoji ,Princess Yanqing Wanli Emperor
Princess Qixia Wanli Emperor
Princess Daoyi Taichang Emperor
Huijian,Princess Huaishu Taichang Emperor
Huixian,Princess Daoshun Taichang Emperor
Huijing,Princess Suiping Taichang Emperor Qi Zanyuan
Huiti ,Princess Le'an Taichang Emperor
Huiyan,Liu Youfu Taichang Emperor
Huizheng,Princess Daowen Taichang Emperor
Shu'e ,Princess Yongning Tianqi Emperor
Shumo ,Princess Huaining Tianqi Emperor
Princess Kunyi Chongzhen Emperor
Princess Changping 2 May 1630 Empress Zhou Chongzhen Emperor Zhou Xian Unborn Child 26 September 1647 [41]
Princess Zhaoren 1639 Empress Zhou Chongzhen Emperor 24 April 1644 [42]

Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE)

[edit]

In the Qing dynasty, An emperor's daughter was not automatically granted the title of princess at birth. Instead, the formal title was conferred usually when she reached the age of marriage—often following a specific ceremony. This practice meant that many daughters, despite being born to the emperor, did not receive the official title are thus excluded from this list that focuses solely on formally titled princesses.

Ranks of Qing Princesses

[edit]
  • 固倫公主 (Gùlún Gōngzhǔ) / ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ (Gurun-i Gungju): Translated as "State Princess" or "Princess of the First Rank." This was the highest rank and was typically bestowed upon daughters born to the Empress (皇后, Huánghòu). Gurun means "all under Heaven" in Manchu, signifying the high status of these princesses. Their husbands were titled 固倫額駙 (Gùlún Éfù).
  • 和碩公主 (Héshuò Gōngzhǔ) / ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳ ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ (Hošo-i Gungju): Translated as "Heshuo Princess" or "Princess of the Second Rank." This rank was usually granted to daughters born to Imperial Consorts (妃, Fēi) or other high-ranking concubines. Hošo means "four corners, four sides" in Manchu. Their husbands were titled 和碩額駙 (Héshuò Éfù).
  • 郡主 (Jùnzhǔ) / ᡥᠣᡧᠣᡳ ᡤᡝᡤᡝ (Hošo-i Gege): Translated as "Princess of a Commandery" or "Princess of the Third Rank." This title was typically given to the daughters of Princes of the First Rank (親王, Qīnwáng). They were also sometimes referred to as 和碩格格 (Héshuò Gége) or 親王格格 (Qīnwáng Gége), literally "lady of a prince of the blood." In special circumstances, daughters of lower-ranking princes or even adopted daughters of the Emperor could be elevated to this rank or even higher. Their husbands were titled 郡額駙 (Jùn Éfù).
  • 縣主 (Xiànzhǔ) / ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᡳ ᡤᡝᡤᡝ (Doro-i Gege): Translated as "Princess of a County" or "Princess of the Fourth Rank." This rank was usually granted to the daughters of Princes of the Second Rank (郡王, Jùnwáng) or Heirs Apparent of Princes of the First Rank (世子, Shìzǐ). They were also called 多羅格格 (Duōluō Gége) or 郡王格格 (Jùnwáng Gége), meaning "lady of a prince of a commandery." They could be promoted to Junzhu under special circumstances. Their husbands were titled 縣額駙 (Xiàn Éfù).
List of princesses of the Qing Dynasty
Name/Title Life Span Parents Spouse(s) Children Ref.
Birthdate Death date Mother Father
Princess Aohan of the First Rank (敖漢固倫公主) 3 April 1621 February/March 1654 Consort Ji Hong Taiji Bandi (班第; ? – 1647) of the Mongol Aohan Borjigin clan four sons and one daughter [43][44]
Makata, Princess Wenzhuang of the First Rank (固倫溫莊公主) 10 September 1625 April/May 1663 Empress Xiaoduanwen Ejei (額哲; ? – 1641) of the Chahar Borjigin clan

Abunai (阿布奈; 1635–1675) of the Chahar Borjigin clan

Two sons [45]
Princess Jingduan of the First Rank

(固倫靖端公主)

2 August 1628 June/July 1686 Empress Xiaoduanwen Kitad (奇塔特; ? – 1653) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan Erdeni, Prince of Khorchindoro [46]
Yatu, Princess Yongmu of the First Rank

(固倫雍穆公主)

31 January 1629 February/March 1678 Empress Xiaozhuangwen Birtakhar (弼爾塔哈爾; ? – 1667) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan [46]
Atu, Princess Shuhui of the First Rank

(固倫淑慧公主)

2 March 1632 28 February 1700 Empress Xiaozhuangwen Suo'erha (索爾哈) of the Khalkha Borjigin clan

Sabdan (色布騰; ? – 1667) of the Barin Borjigin clan

[46]
Princess of the First Rank

(固倫公主)

15 December 1633 April/May 1649 Unknown Kuazha (誇札; ? – 1649) of the Manchu Irgen-Gioro clan [46]
Princess Shuzhe Duanxian of the First Rank

(固倫淑哲端獻公主)

15 December 1633 April/May 1649 Empress Xiaozhuangwen Lamasi (喇瑪思) of the Jarud Borjigin [46]
Princess Yong'an Duanzhen of the First Rank

(固倫永安端貞公主)

7 October 1634 February/March 1692 Empress Xiaoduanwen Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Borjigin clan [46]
Ninth Daughter 5 November 1635 April/May 1652 Hashang (哈尚; ? – 1651) of the Mongol Borjigin clan [46]
Princess of the Second Rank 30 November 1635 August/September 1661 Huisai (輝塞; ? – 1651) of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan [46]
Princess Duanshun of the First Rank

(固倫端順公主)

30 April 1636 July/August 1650 Garma Sodnam (噶爾瑪索諾木; ? – 1663) of the Mongol Abaga Borjigin clan [46]
Princess of the Third Rank

(鄉君)

9 April 1637 November/December 1678 Bandi (班迪; ? – 1700) of the Mongol Borjigin clan [46]
Princess Kechun of the Second Rank

(和碩恪純公主)

7 January 1642 – December 1704
  • December 1704 or January 1705
Wu Yingxiong (吳應熊; 1634 – 18 May 1674) Three sons and one daughter. [46]
Princess Gongque of the Second Rank 19 January 1654 26 November 1685 Shunzhi Emperor Na'erdu of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan
Princess Rongxian of the First Rank 20 June 1673 29 May 1728 Consort Rong Kangxi Emperor Urgun of the Mongolian Balin tribe [47]
Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank Bu Guiren Zhaojia Galzang of Kharachin tribe of Mongolia [47]
Princess Kejing of the First Rank [47]
Princess Wenxian of the First Rank 10 November 1683 August/September 1702 Empress Xiaogongren Shun'anyan (舜安顏; ? – 1724) of the Manchu Tunggiya clan [47]
Princess Chunque of the First Rank [47]
Princess Wenke of the Second Rank 31 December 1687 27 July 1709 Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin Zhangjia Cangjin, the Prince of Duleng of the Mongolian Ongniud tribe twin daughters [47]
Princess Quejing of the Second Rank [47]
Princess Dunke of the Second Rank 3 February 1691 2 January 1710 Imperial Noble Consort Jingmin Zhangjia [47]
Princess Huaike of the Second Rank 15 August 1695 April/May 1717 Consort Qi Yongzheng Emperor Xingde of the Manchu Nara clan
Princess Hejing of the First Rank 31 July 1731 30 September 1792 Empress Xiaoxianchun Qianlong Emperor Septeng Baljur Eleke Temur Babai

Four daughters

Princess Hejia of the Second Rank 24 December 1745 29 October 1767 Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui Fulong'an Fengshenjilun Fengshenguolemin [48]
Princess Hejing of the First Rank 10 August 1756 9 February 1775 Empress Xiaoyichun Lhawang Dorji [49]
Princess Heke of the Second Rank 17 August 1758 14 December 1780 Empress Xiaoyichun Jalantai (扎兰泰) of the Uya clan 1 daughter
Princess Hexiao of the First Rank 2 February 1775 13 October 1823 Consort Dun Fengšeninde
Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank 30 January 1782 4 April 1811 Imperial Noble Consort Heyu Jiaqing Emperor Sodnamdorji (索特納木多布濟; ? – 1825) of the Mongol Khorchin Borjigin
Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank 20 October 1784 27 June 1811 Empress Xiaoshurui Jiaqing Emperor Manibadala (瑪尼巴達喇; ? – 1832) of the Mongol Tumed Borjigin clan
Princess Hui'an of the Second Rank 31 December 1786 June/July 1795 Concubine Xun Jiaqing Emperor
Princess Huimin of the First Rank 18 February 1811 28 June 1815 Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun Jiaqing Emperor
Princess Duanmin of the First Rank 29 July 1813 7 December 1819 Empress Xiaoshencheng Daoguang Emperor
Princess Duanshun of the First Rank 8 April 1825 27 December 1835 Empress Xiaoquancheng
Princess Shou'an of the First Rank

(固伦寿安公主)

12 May 1826 24 March 1860 Empress Xiaoquancheng Demchüghjab (德穆楚克扎布; ? – 1865) of the Mongol Naiman Borjigin clan [50][51]
Princess Shouzang of the Second Rank

(和硕寿臧公主)

15 November 1829 9 August 1856 Consort Xiang Enchong (恩崇; ? – 1864) of the Manchu Namdulu clan
Princess Shou'en of the First Rank

(固伦寿恩公主)

20 January 1831 15 May 1859 Empress Xiaojingcheng Jingshou (景壽; 1829–1889) of the Manchu Fuca clan
Princess Shouxi of the Second Rank

(和硕寿禧公主)

7 January 1842 10 September 1866 Noble Consort Tong Jalafungga (扎拉豐阿; ? – 1898) of the Manchu Niohuru clan
Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank (固伦寿庄) 24 March 1842 11 March 1884 Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun Dehui (德徽) of the Manchu Bolod clan [52]
Princess Rong'an of the First Rank

(固伦荣安公主)

20 June 1855 5 February 1875 Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing Xianfeng Emperor Fuzhen (符珍; ? – 1909) of the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan A miscarriage [53][50]

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