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Mashiho Chiri

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Mashiho Chiri
知里 真志保
Born(1909-02-24)February 24, 1909
Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
DiedJune 9, 1961(1961-06-09) (aged 52)
Awards1954 Asahi Prize
Academic background
Alma materTokyo Imperial University
Academic work
DisciplineLinguist, anthropologist
Sub-disciplineAinu language
InstitutionsHokkaido University

Mashiho Chiri (Japanese: 知里 真志保) (February 24, 1909 – June 9, 1961) was an Ainu linguist and anthropologist. He was best known for creating Ainu-Japanese dictionaries.

Biography

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Chiri was born on February 24, 1909, in what is now Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. His father was Takakichi Chiri who had served in the Russo-Japanese War and was one of three Ainu awarded the Order of the Golden Kite,[1] his mother was Nama.[2] His older sister is Yukie Chiri and his aunt is Imekanu.[2] Though they were both native Ainu speakers, Chiri was not.[3] He was taught Japanese, and learned the Ainu language when he was in high school.[4]

He graduated from the Hokkaido Muroran Sakae High School. He had excellent grades, but couldn't afford go to college. Instead he worked at a local government office. Later, Kindaichi Kyosuke recognized his intelligence and invited Chiri to stay at his house in Tokyo and attend the First Higher School, Japan [ja].[5] Chiri took him up on his offer, and graduated in 1933.[6] He then studied at the Tokyo Imperial University and graduated from the literature department in 1937.[7] He was the first Ainu to enter the university.[8] He earned a master's degree at the same university. Chiri taught at a girls' school and researched at a museum in Karafuto for three years[4] before taking a temporary position at Hokkaido University in 1943. He became a full professor in 1947,[5] and was awarded a doctorate in linguistics on December 22, 1954 focusing on the Karafuto dialect of Ainu.[9]

Ainu language

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Chiri's academic work focused on the Ainu language. He won the 1954 Asahi Prize for writing a classified Ainu language dictionary.[10] He worked with Yamada Hidezo [ja] to study the Ainu names for places, eventually creating an Ainu place name dictionary that helped to give a better understanding of place names in Hokkaido.[8]

Chiri also translated Ainu stories, which were passed down orally because the Ainu did not have a written language. His translation style was meant to reflect the performative nature of how the stories were told, and he did this by writing them in colloquial Japanese and improvising. He also translated certain words like "vagina" and "ejaculation" into German in order to avoid censorship, though they were written using katakana in his translations. This style was criticized by later scholars for summarizing content and adding new sentences, and some re-translated his work in a more traditional style.[4]

Selected bibliography

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  • 分類アイヌ語辞典. Tokyo: Nihon Jōmin Bunka Kenkyūjo. 1954.
  • アイヌ文学. Tokyo: Gengensha. 1955.
  • Ezo obake retsuden. Sapporo: Puyara Shinsho Kankōkai. 1961.

References

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  1. ^ Godefroy, Noémi (25 August 2011). Deconstructing and Reconstructing Ainu identity: From assimilation to recognition 1868-2008 (PDF). 13th International EAJS (European Association for Japanese Studies) Conference (24-27 August 2011). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2025.
  2. ^ a b "Yukie Chiri". Japan Society of Boston. 9 May 2025. Archived from the original on 9 August 2025.
  3. ^ Sjöberg, Katarina (1993). The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan. Studies in Anthropology and History. Vol. 9. Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 63. doi:10.4324/9781315077130. ISBN 978-3-71865-401-7.
  4. ^ a b c Sato-Rossberg, Nana (2008). "Chiri Mashiho's Performative Translations of Ainu Oral Narratives". Japanese Studies. 28 (2): 135–148. doi:10.1080/10371390802249040. ISSN 1037-1397. S2CID 145812379.
  5. ^ a b "Mashiho Chiri collection – Hokkaido University Library". www.lib.hokudai.ac.jp. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  6. ^ "Daichikōtōgakkō ichiran. Shōwa 8 itari 9-nen - kokuritsu Kokkaitoshokan dejitaru korekushon" 第一高等学校一覧. 昭和８至９年 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション [List of First High Schools. 1933-1934 - National Diet Library Digital Collections]. dl.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  7. ^ "Tōkyōteikokudaigaku ichiran. Shōwa 12-nendo - kokuritsu Kokkaitoshokan dejitaru korekushon" 東京帝国大学一覧. 昭和１２年度 - 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション [List of Tokyo Imperial University. Fiscal Year 1937 - National Diet Library Digital Collections]. dl.ndl.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  8. ^ a b Hudson, Mark J.; Lewallen, Ann-Elise; Watson, Mark K. (2014). Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824839185.
  9. ^ "Nenpu" 年譜 [Chronology]. Ainukotoba kenkyū-hen アイヌ語研究編 [Ainu Language Research]. 知里真志保著作集 第4巻 (in Japanese). 平凡社. 1974-05-28. pp. 437–442.
  10. ^ 朝日賞 - １９４５（昭和２０）年―１９６４（昭和３９）年の受賞者 - 朝日新聞社の賞・コンクール - 朝日新聞社から. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved 7 November 2019.

Further reading

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  • Fujimoto, Hideo (1994). Chiri Mashiho no shōgai : Ainugaku fukken no tatakai (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Sōfūkan. ISBN 4883230686. OCLC 32974889.
  • Fujimoto, Hideo (1970). Tensai Ainu hito gakusha no shōgai: Chiri Mashiho hyōden 天才 アイヌ人 学者 の 生涯 : 知里 真志保 評伝 [The Life of a Genius Ainu Scholar: A Biography of Mashiho Chiri] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kodansha.