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Mursi language

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Mursi
ሙነን‎ munɛn
Native toEthiopia
RegionCentral Omo
EthnicityMursi
Native speakers
7,400 (2007 census)[1][2]
Geʽez, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3muz
Glottologmurs1242
ELPMursi

Mursi (also Dama, Merdu, Meritu, Murzi, Murzu) is a Southeast Surmic language spoken by the Mursi people who live in the South Omo Zone on the eastern side of the lower Omo valley in southwest Ethiopia.[3] The language is similar to Suri, another Southeast Surmic language spoken to the west of the Mursi language area.[4] It is spoken by approximately 7,400 people.[1] According to the 1994 national census, there were 3,163 people who were identified as Mursi in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR); 3,158 spoke Mursi as their first language, while 31 spoke it as their second language.[5] According to the analytical volume of the 1994 national census, where Mursi was grouped under Me'en, 89.7% were monolingual, and the second languages spoken were Bench (4.2%), Amharic, which serves as one of the six official languages of Ethiopia.[6] (3.5%), and Kafa (1.1%).[7]

Classification

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Mursi is classified as belonging to the Southeast Surmic languages, to which the following other languages also belong: Suri, Me'en and Kwegu.[8][9] As such, Mursi is also part of the superordinate Eastern Sudanic family of the Nilo-Saharan languages. Mursi is closely related (over 80% cognate) to Me'en, Suri, Kwegu, and tribes in South Sudan such as Murle, Didinga, Tennet and Boya.

Phonology

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Phoneme inventory

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The vowel and consonant inventory of Mursi is similar to those of other Southeast Surmic languages, except for the lack of ejectives, the labial fricative /f/ and the voiceless stop /p/.[10]

Consonants of Mursi[11][12]
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless t c ⟨č⟩ k (ʔ)
voiced b d ɟ ⟨dʒ⟩ ɡ
Implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ h
voiced z
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Liquids r, l
Approximant j w
  • Except for the hesitant inclusion of the glottal stop /ʔ/ by Firew, both Mütze and Firew agree on the consonant inventory. The layout mostly follows Mütze. The characters in angled brackets are the ones used by Firew, where they differ from Mütze.
  • Mütze rejects the phonemic status of the glottal stop [ʔ], claiming that it is phonetically inserted to break up vowel sequences.[13] Firew discusses this and leaves the question undecided, but includes the sound in the phoneme chart.[14]
  • Firew classifies the alveolar implosive /ɗ/ as postalveolar, without giving reasons.[15]
Vowels of Mursi[16]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
  • Both Mütze and Firew agree on the vowel inventory and on the chosen transcription, as shown above.[17]
  • Even though vowel length appears phonetically in Mursi, it can be explained by the elision of weak consonants between identical vowels.[18]

Tone

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Both Mütze[19] and Firew[20] agree that there are only two underlying tone levels in Mursi, as opposed to larger inventories proposed by Turton and Bender[21] and Moges.[22]

Orthography

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Two orthographies for the Mursi language exist. One is the Amharic-based, although the Mursi language is one of the Surmic languages with incompatible vowel structures and stressed and unstressed consonants compared to Amharic. The second is the more suitable Latin-based alphabet, developed by David Turton and Moges Yigezu of Addis Ababa University.[23][24]

Grammar

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The Mursi grammar makes use of the following parts of speech: nouns,[25] verbs,[26] adjectives,[27] pronouns,[28] adverbs,[29] adpositions,[30] question words,[31] quantifiers,[30] connectors,[32] discourse particles,[33] interjections,[34] ideophones,[30] and expressives.[30]

Nouns

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Nouns can be inflected for number and case.[35] The number marking system is very complex, using suffixation, suppletion or tone to either mark plurals from singular bases, or singulatives from plural bases.[36] Mursi preverbal subjects and all objects are unmarked,[37] whereas postverbal subjects are marked by a nominative case. Further cases are the oblique case and the genitive case.[37] Modified nouns receive a special morphological marking called construct form by Mütze.[38]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Ethiopian Census 2007". csa.gov.et. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency. 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  2. ^ Mursi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  3. ^ Worku (2021), p. 1.
  4. ^ Worku (2021), pp. 19 f.
  5. ^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Vol. 1, part 1, Tables 2.11, 2.14, 2.17
  6. ^ Shaban, Abdurahman. "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages". Africa News. Archived from the original on 2020-12-15. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  7. ^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region, Vol. 2 Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.17, 3.9
  8. ^ Worku (2021), pp. 36 f.
  9. ^ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (1998). "Surmic Languages and Cultures: an Introduction". In Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.; Last, Marco (eds.). Surmic Languages and Cultures. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. 35–81.
  10. ^ Worku (2021), p. 45.
  11. ^ Mütze (2014), p. 26.
  12. ^ Worku (2021), p. 46.
  13. ^ Mütze (2014), pp. 26 f.
  14. ^ Worku (2021), pp. 46 f.
  15. ^ Worku (2021), pp. 46, 49 f, he even several times calls it velar.
  16. ^ Mütze (2014), p. 37.
  17. ^ Worku (2021), p. 59.
  18. ^ Mütze (2014), p. 39.
  19. ^ Mütze (2014), p. 42.
  20. ^ Worku (2021), p. 86.
  21. ^ Turton & Bender (1976), p. 559.
  22. ^ Moges Yigezu (2001). A Comparative Study of the Phonetics and Phonology of Surmic Languages. Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles.
  23. ^ "Mursi (tugo)", Mursi Online website (accessed 15 November 2009)
  24. ^ Worku, Firew Girma (2021). A Grammar of Mursi: A Nilo-Saharan Language of Ethiopia. Brill: Leiden. doi:10.1163/9789004449916.
  25. ^ Worku (2021), p. 102.
  26. ^ Worku (2021), p. 128.
  27. ^ Worku (2021), p. 130.
  28. ^ Worku (2021), p. 132.
  29. ^ Worku (2021), p. 143.
  30. ^ a b c d Worku (2021), p. 151.
  31. ^ Worku (2021), p. 154.
  32. ^ Worku (2021), p. 161.
  33. ^ Worku (2021), p. 163.
  34. ^ Worku (2021), p. 168.
  35. ^ Mütze (2014), p. 47.
  36. ^ Worku (2021), ch. 6.2.
  37. ^ a b Mütze (2014), p. 53.
  38. ^ Mütze (2014), p. 62.

Bibliography

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  • Worku, Firew Girma (2021). A Grammar of Mursi: A Nilo-Saharan Language of Ethiopia (Thesis). Brill: Leiden. doi:10.1163/9789004449916.
  • Yigezu, Moges; Turton, David (2005). "Latin Based Mursi Orthography". ELRC Working Papers. 1 (2). Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Languages Research Center: 242–57. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  • Mütze, Bettina (2014). A Sketch of the Mursi Language (MA thesis). Gloucester: Redcliff College, University of Gloucestershire.
  • Turton, David; Bender, M. Lionel (1976). "Mursi". In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.). The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 533–561.
  • Turton, David; Moges Yigezu; Oliserali Olibui (2008). Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary. Addis Ababa: Culture and Arts Society of Ethiopia.
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