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Palatoquadrate

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Diagram of the branchial arches in an ancestral gnathostome. The palatoquadrate is the dorsal part of the mandibular arch.

In some fishes, the palatoquadrate is the dorsal component of the mandibular arch, the ventral one being Meckel's cartilage. The palatoquadrate forms from splanchnocranium.

Evolution

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The palatoquadrate is believed to have evolved from the branchial arches; it is a serial homologue of the epibranchial.[1]

The palatoquadrate persists as a distinct cartilaginous element in chondrichthyans, placoderms, and chondrosteans.[2]

In early acanthodians, as well as primitive osteichthyans, the element ossifies as a single bone, divided into the pars autopalatina, the pars quadrata, and the pars metapterygoidea.[2]

In later acanthodians, the palatoquadrate ossifies into three elements: the quadrate, the metapterygoid, and the autopalatine.

In most osteichthyes, the palatoquadrate typically remains largely unossified; its anterior part ossifies into the epipterygoid, while its posterior part ossifies into the quadrate.[3] In dipnoi, the palatoquadrate fuses to the neurocranium.[2]

In the Surinam horned frog, the palatoquadrate is entirely ossified.[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gillis, J. Andrew; Modrell, Melinda S.; Baker, Clare V. H. (2013-02-05). "Developmental evidence for serial homology of the vertebrate jaw and gill arch skeleton". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 1436. doi:10.1038/ncomms2429. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3600657. PMID 23385581.
  2. ^ a b c Arratia, Gloria; Schultze, Hans-Peter (1991). "Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: Development and homology within osteichthyans". Journal of Morphology. 208 (1): 1–81. doi:10.1002/jmor.1052080102. ISSN 1097-4687.
  3. ^ Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution -Seventh edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 244–248, 256. ISBN 978-0-07-802302-6.
  4. ^ Wild, Erik Russell (1997). "Description of the adult skeleton and developmental osteology of the hyperossified horned frog, Ceratophrys cornuta (Anura: Leptodactylidae)". Journal of Morphology. 232 (2): 169–206. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199705)232:2<169::AID-JMOR4>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 1097-4687.
  • Kardong, Kenneth V. Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. p. 227.
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