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Panjgur
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Panjgur
پنجگور[1] | |
|---|---|
Town | |
  Panjgur  Panjgur | |
| Coordinates: 26°58′6″N 64°6′5″E / 26.96833°N 64.10139°E | |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Province | Balochistan Province |
| District | Panjgur District |
| District | Panjgur Tehsil |
| Elevation | 980 m (3,220 ft) |
| Population | |
• City | 157,693 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |
Panjgur (also spelled Pangor; Balochi; Urdu: پنجگور), transliterated in medieval Arabic sources as Bannajbur[1] or Fannazbur,[3] is a town in the eponymous tehsil and district in southwestern Balochistan, Pakistan. It is situated at an elevation of 980 metres above sea level along the Rakshan River.
Name
[edit]The name is commonly explained as a compound of two Balochi words: panj (five) and goran (highland), understood as "land of five highlands". Some scholars link goran to the Avestan word gairi (mountain), a connection suggested by nearby place names such as Chokgoran ("small highland") and Mazangoran ("big highland"). An alternative derivation combines panj with goor (grave), yielding "five graves". Neither etymology has been conclusively established.
History
[edit]The geographer Al-Muqaddasī, writing in 985 AD, documented Bannajbur as the capital of Makran and noted that it was inhabited by people called Balūṣh, the earliest known Arabic reference to the Baloch people.[4]
Settlement geography
[edit] | This section needs to be updated. (March 2026) |
Panjgur as a town comprises at least twelve villages situated in close proximity to one another on both banks of the Rakhshan River. Among the largest are Isai, Bonistan, Tasp, Chitkan, Gramkan, Khudabadan (Sarwan), Washbood, and Sordo, with Chitkan serving as a central node. The villages of Kalag, Duznap, and Erap lie approximately ten kilometres from Chitkan.[5]
Most settlements are situated along the river, as agriculture is the principal economic activity; irrigation depends mainly on kaurjos (small channels drawing from pits dug into perennial water flows) and karezes (underground aqueducts). The remainder of the district is sparsely populated.[5]
According to the 1981 census, the Panjgur area comprised 45 inhabited mauzas plus 3 uninhabited ones; 12 had populations exceeding 5,000, and 11 had populations between 2,000 and 4,999.[5] The three principal modern subdivisions are Gramkān, Qila Khudābadān, and Tasp. Historically, the town was said to consist of twelve subdivisions, reflected in the designation Dwazdah Shahr-e-Panjgur ("Twelve Towns of Panjgur").
Economy
[edit]Panjgur District is one of Pakistan's foremost producers of Mazafati (Muzati) dates, a premium table variety.[6] The district has approximately 27,000 acres under Mazafati cultivation, with estimates suggesting that date production accounts for around 10% of total district revenue.[6]
Climate
[edit]Panjgur has a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh), though milder and cooler than much of the surrounding Makran region. Summers are hot and winters cool and dry. Precipitation occurs in two distinct periods: mid-winter to early spring (late December to March) and during the monsoon (June to July).
| Climate data for Panjgur | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
34.5 (94.1) |
40.4 (104.7) |
44.4 (111.9) |
45.0 (113.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
43.3 (109.9) |
41.5 (106.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
29.0 (84.2) |
45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
32.7 (90.9) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.9 (103.8) |
39.6 (103.3) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.9 (96.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.9 (66.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.0 (87.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.5 (63.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.3 (68.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 13.6 (0.54) |
12.9 (0.51) |
15.6 (0.61) |
8.0 (0.31) |
3.5 (0.14) |
6.2 (0.24) |
6.2 (0.24) |
6.0 (0.24) |
1.4 (0.06) |
2.4 (0.09) |
3.0 (0.12) |
8.2 (0.32) |
87.0 (3.43) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 11.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 56 | 52 | 50 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 44 | 45 | 41 | 39 | 43 | 51 | 45 |
| Source: NOAA (extremes 1961–1990),[7][8] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1961–1995),[9] Ogimet[10] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
[edit]Population
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 754 | — |
| 1961 | 5,670 | +22.35% |
| 1972 | 9,879 | +5.18% |
| 1981 | 9,495 | −0.44% |
| 1998 | 21,297 | +4.87% |
| 2017 | 80,411 | +7.24% |
| 2023 | 157,693 | +11.88% |
| Sources:[11] | ||
According to the 2023 Pakistani census, Panjgur had a population of 157,693.
Languages
[edit]Religion
[edit]| Religious group |
1941[13]: 13–14 | 2017[14][15] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam 
|
416 | 87.95% | 80,273 | 99.83% |
Hinduism 
|
45 | 9.51% | 96 | 0.12% |
Sikhism 
|
9 | 1.9% | N/a | N/a |
Christianity 
|
3 | 0.63% | 42 | 0.05% |
| Total population | 473 | 100% | 80,411 | 100% |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (January 1977). The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Variorum Reprints. p. 128. ISBN 9780860780007. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ^ Citypopulation.de Balochistān (Pakistan): Province and Major cities, Municipalities & Towns
- ^ Verma, Harish Chandra (13 April 1986). Dynamics of Urban Life in Pre-Mughal India. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 9788121500012 – via Google Books.
- ^ Hansman, John (1973), "A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 36 (3): 553–587, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00119858, JSTOR 613582
- ^ a b c Sarfraz, Hamid (July 1997). Panjgur: A District Profile. Quetta: Planning & Development Department, Government of Balochistan. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
- ^ a b "Panjgur District Economic Profile" (PDF). Quetta: Small & Medium Enterprise Development Authority Government of Pakistan. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2026.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Panjgur Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (FTP). Retrieved 17 January 2013. (To view documents see Help:FTP)
- ^ "Klimatafel von Panjgur (Flughafen) / Pakistan" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ^ "Summary for 41739: Panjgur (Pakistan)". Weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved 29 April 2025.
- ^ "Population by administrative units 1951–1998" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ "Population by mother tongue, sex and rural/urban, census-2023" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk.
- ^ "Census of India, 1941 Volume XIV Baluchistan". Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ "Final Results (Census-2017)". Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017) Table 9 - Population by Sex, Religion and Rural/Urban" (PDF). Retrieved 27 January 2023.