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Plikati

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Plikati
Πληκάτι
Plikat
Community
View of Plikati
View of Plikati
Plikati is located in Greece
Plikati
Plikati
Coordinates: 40°18′N 20°46′E / 40.300°N 20.767°E / 40.300; 20.767
CountryGreece
Administrative regionEpirus
Regional unitIoannina
MunicipalityKonitsa
Municipal unitMastorochoria
Elevation
1,240 m (4,070 ft)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Community
69
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Vehicle registrationΙΝ

Plikati (Greek: Πληκάτι, Albanian: Plikat) is a village in the municipal unit of Mastorochoria, Ioannina regional unit, Greece. It is one of the northernmost villages in Epirus. The village architecture is of stone houses with slate roofs, some either two or three storeys in height.[2]

Name

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In the regional geographical literature of the early 19th century, Athanasios Psalidas and Kosmas Thesprotos wrote the name of the village as Pelikati.[3] The toponym is derived from the Albanian root pellg(u) meaning 'swamp', 'marsh' and in a geographical context refers to a 'basin'.[4] The suffix -ati is used to indicate inhabitants of a place or for names of members of a family.[4] The toponym initially as Pellgati indicated "inhabitants of the basin".[4] The basin in the area of Plikati was formed by the Gorgopotamos river, a tributary of the Sarantaporos river.[5]

The placename underwent metathesis and became Pllegati, and later Plikati after the Albanian g became k through Greek.[5] Linguist Kostas Oikonomou wrote the Aromanian rendering of the toponym plicat, -tă meaning "bend" derived from aplec and ultimately from Latin plicare is linguistically closer to the name, but discounted due to the absence of settlement by Aromanian speakers in the past or in the modern period in Plikati.[4]

Geography

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The village is situated at the foot of the Grammos mountains, at 1,240 m elevation, close to the Albanian border.[3] Plikati is 3 km north of Gorgopotamos, 8 km west of Aetomilitsa, 9 km southeast of Ersekë (Albania) and 28 km north of Konitsa.

Plikati is located close to a plain, part of the wider Gorogopotamos valley called Zarli by village inhabitants and formed by the drain off from water sources of the Grammos mountains.[3] Woodland flora of oak and beech trees surround Plikati and fir trees in steeper areas.[3] The total land area of the village Plikati is 3,200 hectares.[3]

History

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Plikati had cultural and community relations over the centuries with the village of Rehovë (located in modern Albania) until the Albanian–Greek border was closed in 1945.[6]

During the period of the late 18th and in the early 19th century, fleeing Christian populations (Aromanian and non–Aromanian) from several destroyed villages and areas sought refugee in Plikati, a mainly Arvanite village.[7] The Aromanian refugees arrived from Valiani, a destroyed village on the Albanian side of Grammos mountain.[7] Until the 1830s, Plikati belonged to the kaza (district) of Kolonjë and later was attached to the kaza of Konitsa.[8] By 1839, Muslim Albanians from the nearby Kolonjë area pressured a large part of the Plikati population to leave the village.[7] The Aromanian population in Plikati displaced from previous conflict departed along with Albanians from the village and together founded new villages in the area around Florina such as Belkameni and Negovani.[9][7]

Under Ottoman rule Plikati had a few small chifliks (estates) until becoming part of Greece in 1913.[3] Toward the end of Greek Civil War, Plikati was abandoned for a short time as battles occurred in the Grammos mountains and later over several years villagers came back.[2] Between the 1960s–1970s, the population declined as villagers left Plikati for work and the remaining people were elderly.[2]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1981156—    
1991133−14.7%
2001[10]126−5.3%
2011[11]70−44.4%
2021[1]69−1.4%

Plikati is one of the villages of the Epirus region in Greece inhabited by Arvanites (Christian Albanians)[12][13][7] and Arvanitika speakers.[14] Its people are sometimes called Arvanites, although the Albanian dialect they speak is different from that of Arvanitika speakers of southern Greece and much closer to Tosk Albanian.[13]

At the onset of the 20th century most of the inhabitants were Orthodox Christian, along with some Muslim families who departed Plikati due to the Greek–Turkish population exchange (1923).[14] K.D. Stergiopoulos wrote about the Konitsa area in the 1930s.[15] He identified Plikati as an Albanian speaking village.[4] People over 50 knew Albanian and Greek and used both languages in tandem.[4] In recollections among a few elderly villagers of the late 2010s, the speaking of Arvanitika was banned at school in their youth by the local teacher and they viewed the practice positively.[16]

Orthodox church in Plikati

In the 1990s, seasonal Albanian migrants arrived from Albania, mainly from Rehovë.[17] Plikati villagers identified themselves as Greek and different from Albanians.[17] Elderly villagers communicated in Albanian with Albanian migrants.[18] Kostas Oikonomou (2002) described Plikati as an Arvanite speaking village.[19] In the early 21st century, the linguistic situation persisted and elderly inhabitants spoke Albanian.[4] Plikati underwent a language shift and Greek has become the predominant language of the village, while Arvanitika is spoken only by elderly inhabitants in the late 2010s.[14]

The number of inhabitants varied throughout the 20th century.[2] In the Greek censuses, the population of Plikati was 268 in 1920, 384 in 1940, 46 in 1951–55, 243 in 1961, 188 in 1971 and 151 in 1981.[2] According to Plikati inhabitants, the population prior to the Second World War was 500–700.[2] The village population is in decline.[2]

Economy

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Plikati at the beginning of the 20th century had a large number of animals and the surrounding plain and lower mountainous slopes consisted of mainly cultivated land and some areas of scrub with few mature trees.[20] The men of Plikati worked as builders.[2] In Greece, they traditionally left during the winter months and worked in towns located in the lowlands.[2]

Farming on a wider scale was practised in Plikati until the 1960s and irrigated crops grown in rotation on the plain included corn and wheat.[2] Unirrigated crops were wheat, oats, barley, lentils, rye, and bitter vetch which were grown in higher altitudes on the southern mountain slopes, often on land also used for grazed fallow.[2] Grain was purchased by several large households due to land shortages as did several small households due to labour shortages caused by the migration of men.[2] Surplus grain grown by some inhabitants was sold to fellow villagers or outside Plikati.[2]

Plikati was mostly self sufficient and able to provide for the dietary needs of its inhabitants such as bread and the money made by working men was used to purchase oil, rice, clothing and shoes.[2] Inhabitants from Plikati used to purchase goods and sell their agricultural products in Korçë and Ersekë in Albania, instead of nearby Konitsa, a market town in Greece until the Albanian–Greek border closed in 1940.[2] Farming in Plikati increased from the time of the border closure until the Greek Civil War.[2]

Large numbers of domestic animals such as sheep, goats, horses, mules and donkeys were kept by villagers and all households owned a cow and oxen for ploughing.[2] The number of cattle was 500–600 and sheep amounted to 2,000 with households keeping 30–40 head to 70 head, able to provide for the village needs of dairy and meat products with the surplus sold.[21] Household flocks were herded by shepherds on the lower areas of the nearby mountain.[22] Village pastoral land was rented by some Aromanians from the lowlands for grazing.[22] Until 1940, several households with large flocks would spend the winter in the plains.[22] During the 1960s Plikati builders worked in Germany and came back in the winter.[2]

In the late 20th century, inhabitants had irrigated gardens near their homes and grew potatoes, corn, beans and some rye for straw, while fruit and nut trees were harvested.[2] Households kept between 5 to 20 sheep and goats for their personal needs and a few mules to plough land and as pack animals.[2] The total number of sheep and goats was 200–300.[2] As most villagers were elderly, the harvest of hay from woodland sources as feed for animals declined.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Halstead 1998, p. 213.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Halstead 1998, p. 212.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Oikonomou 2002, p. 248.
  5. ^ a b Oikonomou 2002, p. 249.
  6. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis; Mantzos, Kostas (2008). "Migration and National Borders. Albanian migrants to Greece: A local case". In Nitsiakos, Vassilis (ed.). Balkan Border Crossings: First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School. Lit Verlag Münster. pp. 261–262. ISBN 9783825809188.
  7. ^ a b c d e Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Zitros Publications. pp. 300–301. ISBN 9789607760869. The Arvanitovlachs cohabited not only with other Vlachs [Aromanians] but also with Arvanites. In 1841, some Arvanitovlachs, together with some numerous Arvanites and a few Greki, established the village of Drossopiyi (formally Belkameni), and in 1861 the village if Flambouro (formally Negovani, Niguváńl'i). The first settlers in those two villages near Florina had come from Plikati in the Konitsa area, on the southern slopes of Grammos. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, a period when various settlements were being destroyed and numerous Christian population groups both Vlach and non-Vlach, were on the move, Arvanites and Arvanitovlachs from Dangëlli and Kolonjë sought refugee there. They may also have included Vlachs from the ruined Vlach villages on Grammos, Grammousta and Nikolicë. However, most of the population of Plikati was Arvanite. In 1839, pressure from the Arnauts of Kolonjë drove much of the population of Plikati were enduring then must have been similar to those which resulted in the destruction and depopulation of Bitskopoulo at that time. The Arvanitovlach families who ended up in Drossopiyi and Flambouro must have come from, or had some earlier connection with, various parts of Epiros, not just Plikati, such as Parakalamos and Fourka in Ioannina prefecture, as also various villages in southern Albania, mainly in the Kolonjë area, such as Frashër, Radimisht, Barmash, Qafzez, Shtikë, Qytezë, and Dardhë. In about the same period, or a little earlier, some Arvanitovlachs went to Lehovo, another Arvanite village near Florina. Liakos reports that the Vlachs who helped to establish Flabouro and Drossopiyi had sought refuge in Plikati, and also in the neighbouring villages of Playa and Hionades, after their previous homes in Valiani had been destroyed. Valiani was an Arvanitovlach settlement on the western (now Albanian) side of Mount Grammos, east of Ersekë. Though Plikati is said to be the only Arvanite village in Konitsa province today.
  8. ^ Kokolakis, Michalis (2003). Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, Administration and Population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)] (PDF) (in Greek). National Hellenic Research Foundation. Center for Neohellenic Research. p. 195-196, 229. ISBN 960-7916-11-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2015.
  9. ^ Faensen, Johannes (1980). Die albanische Nationalbewegung [The Albanian National Movement] (in German). Otto Harrasowitz. p. 133. ISBN 9783447021203. Negovan und das benachbarte Bellkamen, damals je 300 Häuser groß, hatten albanische Einwohner, die um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts aus Plikat, Kreis Kolonja, eingewandert waren.
  10. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-21.
  11. ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  12. ^ Baltsiotis, Lambros (2002). ""Τσαμουριά: πραγματικότητες και φαντασιώσεις". Ο Πολίτης (in Greek): 2.
  13. ^ a b Korhonen, Jani; Makartsev, Maxim; Petrusevka, Milica; Spasov, Ljudmil (2016). "Ethnic and linguistic minorities in the border region of Albania, Greece, and Macedonia: An overview of legal and societal status" (PDF). Slavica Helsingiensia. 49: 28. In several Albanian villages in Epirus (e.g., Plikati in the Ioannina district), the people of Albanian origin are sometimes called Arvanites, although there is an essential difference between them and the Arvanites of central and southern Greece. The Arvanitika-speaking villages form language island(s), as they are not connected geographically to the main Albanian-speaking area, whereas the villages in Epirus border Albanian-speaking territory and thus share more linguistic traits of the type that emerged later in the more extensive Tosk-inhabited territory.
  14. ^ a b c Zheltova et al. 2021, p. 91.
  15. ^ Oikonomou 2002, p. xxi
  16. ^ Zheltova et al. 2021, p. 87.
  17. ^ a b Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the Border: Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries Along the Albanian-Greek Frontier. LIT Verlag Münste. pp. 232–234. ISBN 9783643107930.
  18. ^ Zheltova, Ekaterina; Vaxevanou, Theodora; Manousopoulou, Μariana; Kalogianni, Despina (2021). "Subversive heteroglossia: Narrating Greek–Albanian language use in North–Western Greece". Anthropology of East Europe Review. 38 (1): 88. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022.
  19. ^ Oikonomou, Kostas E. (2002). Τα οικωνύμια του νομού Ιωαννίνων. Γλωσσολογική εξέταση [The oikonyms of the prefecture of Ioannina. A linguistic examination] (PDF) (in Greek). Nomarchiaki Aftodioikisi Ioanninon. p. 2. ISBN 9789608316010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2024. "Περιοχές κοινοτήτων μέ άρβανιτόφωνους κατοίκους στά χωριά Πλικάτι"
  20. ^ Halstead 1998, pp. 215, 217.
  21. ^ Halstead 1998, pp. 213–214.
  22. ^ a b c Halstead 1998, p. 214.
  23. ^ Halstead, Paul (1998). "Ask the Fellows who Lop the Hay: Leaf-Fodder in the Mountains of Northwest Greece" (PDF). Rural History. 9 (2): 215. doi:10.1017/S0956793300001588. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2025.
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