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Police Actions (Indonesia)
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| Police Actions | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Indonesian National Revolution | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Indonesia |
 Netherlands | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Sudirman Oerip Soemohardjo Djatikoesoemo Abdul Haris Nasution |
Simon Spoor Hubertus van Mook Dirk van Langen | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
c. 200,000 (1947) c. 100,000 (1948–49) |
c. 120,000 (1947) c. 130,000 (1948–49) | ||||||||
The Police Actions (Dutch: Politionele Acties, also Politiële Acties),[1] were two major military offensives that the Netherlands carried out on Java and Sumatra against the Republic of Indonesia during its struggle for independence in the Indonesian National Revolution.[2][3] In Indonesia they are collectively known as the Dutch Military Aggressions (Indonesian: Agresi Militer Belanda), although the direct translation Aksi Polisionil is also used.[4]
In Dutch historiography and discourse, the entire Indonesian War of Independence was euphemistically referred to for decades as "the police actions", as coined by the government at the time. In the Netherlands, the public impression prevailed that only these two short-term operations had been carried out, intended to protect the Dutch East Indies from a rebellion that required police action.[5][6] This perspective ignores the fact that between the arrival of the first Dutch troops in March 1946 and the cession of sovereignty in December 1949, a full-scale military occupation and a continuous counterinsurgency involving 120,000 conscripts had taken place.[7]
Operation Product
[edit]Operation Product took place between 21 July and 5 August 1947.[8] The Dutch greatly reduced and fragmented Indonesian-controlled territories, with a particular focus on the oil fields and rubber plantations of Sumatra, and the sugar plantations and economic infrastructure of Java.[9] The offensive excluded an attack on the city of Yogyakarta, wartime seat of the Republican government, due to high expected costs of urban warfare.
The Mariniersbrigade (Marbrig) headquartered in Surabaya was tasked with securing territory in East Java containing 40 sugar factories, 70 coffee plantations, 72 rubber plantations, 5 tea plantations, and 3 cinchona plantations.[10] It carried out amphibious landings at Pasir Putih in Situbondo (Product North) and north of Banyuwangi (Product East) to occupy the eastern salient of Java. An offensive from Porong (Product South) connected Surabaya to the eastern salient through Pasuruan, before the marines pushed on to the Republican stronghold of Malang.[11]
Operation Kraai
[edit]Operation Kraai (Crow) took place between 19 December 1948 and 5 January 1949.[12] It resulted in the Dutch capture of Yogyakarta, the arrests of much of the Indonesian leadership, and the exile of what remained of the Republican government to Sumatra.[9]
The Marbrig's actions in northeastern Java during this offensive are referred to as Operation Zeemeeuw (Seagull). This operation took place during the monsoon season and saw more amphibious and air support operations than Product, involving dozens of ships, aircraft, and landing craft.[13] The unit made landfall at Glondong in Tuban with the end goal of occupying Madiun, but its advance was quickly halted by an enormous anti-tank ditch about 30 km (19 mi) inland. From that point on, the marines were significantly delayed by roadblocks, destroyed bridges, and reliance on roads that no longer existed and were overgrown with teak forests. As a result, they reached Madiun only after the city had already been captured by the regular army.[14]
Other operations
[edit]Eclipsed by the scale and notoriety of Product and Kraai, other Dutch offensive operations of the Indonesian Revolution included:[13][10]
- Operation Trackman (Gresik, 10 August 1946)
- Operation Quantico (Gresik, 19 August 1946)
- Battle of Margarana (Marga, 20 November 1946)
- South Sulawesi campaign (10 December 1946–21 February 1947)
- Operation Ideaal (Mojokerto, 17 March 1947)
- Malang Operation (30 June 1947)
- Operation Carthago (Asembagus, 5 September 1947)
- Operation Albatros (Pacitan, 12 January 1949)
- Operation Otter (Prigi Bay, 7–18 April 1949)
- Paciran Operation (20–28 May 1949)
References
[edit]- ^ "CD-ROM version". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
- ^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN 0521542626.
- ^ Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2 ed.). Basingstoke; Stanford, California: Palgrave; Stanford University Press. p. 225. ISBN 033357690X.
- ^ Adryamarthanino, Verelladevanka; Nailufar, Nibras Nada (2 August 2022). "Apa Itu Aksi Polisionil?". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 January 2026.
- ^ Doolan, Paul M.M. (1 March 2022). "How Dutch Historians Unremembered Decolonization". the low countries. Retrieved 8 January 2026.
- ^ van der Burg, Jos (2 January 2024). "Selling a Colonial War: propaganda over de politionele acties" (in Dutch). Historisch Nieuwsblad. Retrieved 6 January 2026.
- ^ Vanheste, Tomas (5 September 2024). "'Revolusi' Corrects the Dutch Colonial Self-Image of Indonesia". Translated by de Bruijn, Noor. the low countries. Retrieved 8 January 2026.
- ^ "Operatie Product" (in Dutch). Network of War Collections. Retrieved 8 January 2026.
- ^ a b Kahin, George McTurnan; Kahin, Audrey (2003). Southeast Asia: A Testament. London: Routledge Curzon. ISBN 0415299756.
- ^ a b "Strijd in Nederlands-Indie (1945 tot 1950, algemeen)". nederlandsekrijgsmacht.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ van Schaik, Arthur (1996). Malang: beeld van een stad (in Dutch). Voorburg: Asia Maior. ISBN 9074861075.
- ^ "Operatie Kraai" (in Dutch). Network of War Collections. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ a b Hornman, W.J.M. (1995). De Mariniersbrigade: De Geschiedenis (in Dutch). Hoevelaken: Verba. ISBN 9055131687.
- ^ "Mariniersbrigade". Indie-1945-1950.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 January 2026.
Further reading
[edit]
Dutch language
[edit]- Heijboer, P. (1979). De politionele acties: de strijd om 'Indië', 1945/1949 (in Dutch). Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck. ISBN 9022838722.
- van Doorn, J.A.A.; Hendrix, W.J. (1983). Het Nederlands/Indonesisch conflict: ontsporing van geweld (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 9067070211.
- Teitler, G.; Groen, P.M.H. (1987). De politionele acties (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 9067071390.
- de Jong, J.J.P. (1988). Diplomatie of strijd: een analyse van het Nederlands beleid tegenover de Indonesische Revolutie, 1945–1947 (in Dutch). Meppel: Boom. ISBN 9060098382.
- de Jong, L. (1988). Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, volume 12 (in Dutch). The Hague: Sdu.
- Teitler, G.; Hoffenaar, J. (1990). De politionele acties: afwikkeling en verwerking (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 9067072354.
- Groen, P.M.H. (1991). Marsroutes en dwaalsporen: het Nederlands militair-strategisch beleid in Indonesië, 1945–1950 (in Dutch). The Hague: Sdu. ISBN 9012068746.
- van Liempt, A. (1994). Een mooi woord voor oorlog: ruzie, roddel en achterdocht op weg naar de Indonesië-oorlog (in Dutch). The Hague: Sdu. ISBN 9012067014.
- Bank, J.T.M. (1995). De Excessennota: nota betreffende het archiefonderzoek naar de gegevens omtrent excessen in Indonesië begaan door Nederlandse militairen in de periode 1945–1950 (in Dutch). The Hague: Sdu. ISBN 9012082234.
- de Jong, J.J.P. (2011). Avondschot: hoe Nederland zich terugtrok uit zijn Aziatisch imperium (in Dutch). Meppel: Boom. ISBN 978-9461052704.
English language
[edit]- Luttikhuis, Bart; Moses, A. Dirk (2014). Colonial Counterinsurgency and Mass Violence: The Dutch Empire in Indonesia. Oxford/New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415856836.
- Doolan, Paul M.M. (2021). Collective Memory and the Dutch East Indies: Unremembering Decolonization. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9463728744.
- KITLV; NIMH; NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (2022). Beyond the Pale: Dutch Extreme Violence in the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945–1949. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-9463726481.
