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Ratnatraya

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The three shikhar (top) of a Jain temple represents Ratnatraya (three jewels)

The ratnatraya are the three jewels of Jainism, namely samyak darshana (right faith or view), samyak gyana (right knowledge), and samyak charitra (right conduct), which constitute the path to liberation.

The path to liberation

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Right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct (together) constitute the path to liberation.

Tattvārthasūtra (1-1)[1]

The spiritual goal in Jainism is to reach moksha for ascetics, but for most Jain laypersons, it is to accumulate good karma that leads to better rebirth and a step closer to liberation.[2][3] Purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the three jewels (ratnatraya):[4][5] samyak darśana, right vision or faith in the Jain teachings[6] or scriptures,[7] more specifically the seven tattvas;[8][9][a] samyak gyana, right knowledge and understanding of the Jain teachings,[7][11] more specifically of self (jiva) and non-self (ajiva);[8] and samyak charitra, correct conduct, behavior consistent with these teachinngs and the five vows.[7][12] Jain texts often add samyak tapas (correct asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha).[11] The four jewels are called Moksha Marga (the path of liberation).[4]

Right faith

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Acharya Umaswami states in Tattvārthasūtra (1-2) that "Belief in substances [tattvas] ascertained as they are is right faith."[1] According to the Digambara, there are seven tattva:[13]

  1. jīva — the soul which is characterized by consciousness.
  2. ajīva — the non-soul
  3. āsrava — inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul.
  4. bondage (Bandha) — mutual intermingling of the soul and karmas
  5. Samvara (stoppage) — obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.
  6. Nirjara — gradual dissociation of karmic matter from the soul
  7. Moksha (liberation) — complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul)

Right conduct

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Right conduct is the application of the knowledge developed, so as to exercise control over our inner desires and reach a stage where there is no attachment or aversion.

Right conduct includes:[14]

  • Five kinds of spiritual purity
  1. Sāmāyika (equanimity),
  2. penalties for faults arising from inadvertence, or negligence, on account of which one loses equanimity,
  3. refraining from himsa (injury),
  4. control of passions, and
  5. contemplation of one's own soul
  1. Ahiṃsā, not to hurt any living being by actions and thoughts
  2. Satya, not to lie or speak what is not commendable.[15]
  3. Asteya, not to take anything if not given.[16]
  4. Brahmacharya, chastity / Celibacy in action, words & thoughts
  5. Aparigraha (Non-possession), detachment from material property.
  • Seven supplementary vows:
Guņa vratas, merit vows[17]
1. digvrata, restriction on movement with regard to directions.
2. bhogopabhogaparimana, vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable things
3. anartha-dandaviramana, refraining from harmful occupations and activities (purposeless sins).
Śikşā vratas,[17] disciplinary vows
4. samayika, vow to meditate and concentrate periodically.
5. desavrata, limiting movement to certain places for a fixed period of time.[18]
6. upvas, fasting at regular intervals.
7. atihti samvibhag, vow of offering food to the ascetic and needy people

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ According to Padmanabh S. Jaini, samyak darśana is acceptance of the truth of soul (jīva).[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2011, p. 2.
  2. ^ Bailey 2012, p. 108.
  3. ^ Long 2013, pp. 18, 98–100.
  4. ^ a b Cort 2001a, pp. 6–7.
  5. ^ Fohr 2015, pp. 9–10, 37.
  6. ^ Fohr 2015, p. 10.
  7. ^ a b c Grimes 1996, p. 323.
  8. ^ a b Grimes 1996, p. 279.
  9. ^ Jaini 1998, pp. 148, 151, 200.
  10. ^ Jaini 1998, pp. 141–147.
  11. ^ a b Cort 2001a, p. 7.
  12. ^ Jaini 1998, pp. 148, 200.
  13. ^ S. A. Jain 1992, p. 7.
  14. ^ Champat Rai Jain 1917, p. 57.
  15. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012, p. 61.
  16. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012, p. 68.
  17. ^ a b Vijay K. Jain 2012, p. 88.
  18. ^ Vijay K. Jain 2012, p. 90.

Sources

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  • Bailey, William (2012), The Theological Universe, Bailey Publishing, PA, ISBN 978-1-312-23861-9
  • Cort, John E. (2001a), Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2
  • Fohr, Sherry (2015), Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4742-2756-8
  • Grimes, John (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-3068-5
  • Champat Rai Jain (1917), The Practical Path, The Central Jaina Publishing House
  • Jain, S. A. (1992) [1960], Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust, Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Jain, Vijay K. (2011), Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsūtra (1st ed.), Uttarakhand: Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-2-1, Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Jain, Vijay K. (2012), Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-4-5, Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1979], The Jaina Path of Purification, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1578-0
  • Long, Jeffery D. (2013), Jainism: An Introduction, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-0-85771-392-6