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Sansimoniano language
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| Sansimoniano | |
|---|---|
| San Simoniano | |
| Native to | Bolivia |
| Region | San Simón River |
| Ethnicity | Sansimoniano |
| Extinct | after 1935?[1][2][3] |
Macro-Jê ?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | sans1265 |
Sansimoniano (San Simoniano[4]) is a variety of the Chiquitano language, potentially a distinct language, spoken in the Serranía de San Simón in Bolivia along the San Simón River, near the mouth of the Paraguá River. The language is documented solely in a wordlist collected by Emil Heinrich Snethlage around 1935, and it is uncertain whether or not any speakers of it survive. Sansimoniano has historically been wrongly ascribed to the Chapacuran language family.
Geographical distribution
[edit]Sansimoniano was spoken along the San Simón River in the Serranía de San Simón, near the mouth of the Paraguá.[1][5]
History
[edit]The Chiquitano-speaking Sansimoniano has been settled in the Serranía de San Simón by the late 19th century.[5] Snethlage visited a roughly 10-year-old boy named Pūriá around 1935, from whom the wordlist was collected from. He had also encountered a woman who had been captured by rubber tappers from a lake connected to the San Martín River. She only remembered a few words in her language, but they corresponded to those given by Pūriá.[1] According to the online language database Glottolog, Sansimoniano has since gone extinct,[2] though it is unknown whether any speakers survive or not.[3]
Classification
[edit]The label "Sansimoniano" was applied by Georges de Crequi-Montfort and Paul Rivet (1913) to the Chapacuran-speaking peoples Chapacura, Mure and Rocorona, who resided at the mission of San Simón.[6] Alfred Métraux (1948), following Crequi-Montfort and Rivet, incorrectly[5] ascribed the language of the Sansimoniano to be Chapacuran.[7] However, Snethlage's vocabulary contradicts this; he had noted the similarity between Sansimoniano and Chiquitano in his publication.[1] Čestmír Loukotka[4] and Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño both correctly[5] classified Sansimoniano as a Chiquitano language.[8] John Alden Mason (1950) stated that Sansimoniano had generally been classified as Cariban.[8] Andrey Nikulin (2020) states that it is so divergent that it colud be considered a distinct language from Chiquitano.[9] Glottolog leaves Sansimoniano unclassified.[2]
Vocabulary
[edit]The vocabulary collected by Snethlage from Pūriá is presented below:
| gloss | Sansimoniano |
|---|---|
| tongue | natä́ |
| mouth | wokḗn |
| tooth | oä̯́n |
| nose | nja̤ī́n |
| eye | utī́n |
| ear | o̯lehī́n |
| forehead | ho̯kĕpḗïn |
| head | ka̯bēꞵín |
| hand | mānī́hi |
| leg | to̯pä́n |
| knee | pärĕī́n |
| foot | pipī́n |
| neck | pökī́n |
| sun | sṓu̯ |
| moon | pā́a̯n |
| woman | pāǘ |
| tobacco | pāí |
| monkey | apä́ |
| manioc | tabá̯ |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Snethlage, Emil Heinrich (1935). "Nachrichten über die Pauserna-Guarayú, die Siriono am Rio Baures und die S. Simonianes in der Nähe der Serra S. Simon". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 67 (5/6): 278–293. ISSN 0044-2666.
- ^ a b c Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2026). "Sansimoniano". Glottolog 5.3. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey (2020-06-23). "Contacto de lenguas en la Chiquitanía". Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas. 2 (2): 05. doi:10.18468/rbli.2019v2n2.p05-30. ISSN 2595-685X.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Wilbert, Johannes (ed.). Classification of South American Indian Languages (PDF) (4th ed.). Latin American Center, UCLA: Latin American Center, University of California Los Angeles. ISBN 9780879031077.
- ^ a b c d e Ramirez, Henri (2010). "Etnônimos e topônimos no Madeira (séculos XVI-XX): um sem-número de equívocos" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. 2 (2): 1–47.
- ^ Créqui-Montfort, Georges de; Rivet, Paul (1913). "Linguistique bolivienne. La famille linguistique Čapakura". Journal de la société des américanistes. 10 (1): 119–171. doi:10.3406/jsa.1913.2851.
- ^ Métraux, Alfred (1948), "Tribes of the Eastern Bolivia and the Madeira Headwaters" (PDF), The Tropical Forest Tribes Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 3, Smithsonian Institution, Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 381–454, retrieved 2026-06-01
- ^ a b Mason, J. Alden (1950), "The languages of South American Indians" (PDF), Physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians, Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 6, Smithsonian Institution, Washington: Washington: Smithsonian Institution, Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 157–317, retrieved 2026-06-01
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (phd thesis). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.