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Security agency

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A security agency is a governmental organization that operates as a secret service conducting intelligence and high policing activities for the internal security of a state.[1] They are the domestic cousins of foreign intelligence agencies, and typically conduct counterintelligence to thwart other countries' foreign intelligence efforts.[2] In the United States, both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) are secret services, though the FBI combines functions of a national police, an internal security agency, and a counterintelligence agency whereas the CIA is the secret service operating as an external intelligence agency dealing primarily with foreign intelligence collection overseas. A similar relationship exists in Britain between MI5 and MI6. Some nations, such as the Netherlands, Spain and Turkey, have one agency that is responsible for both security and intelligence.[3]

The distinction, or overlap, between security agencies, national police, and gendarmerie organizations varies by country. Likewise, the distinction, or overlap, between military and civilian security agencies varies between countries. For example, in the United States, the FBI is a civilian secret service, although it has various paramilitary traits and has professional relationships with the U.S.'s military counterintelligence organizations. In other countries, separate agencies exist, although the nature of their work causes them to interact. In France, the Police nationale and the Gendarmerie nationale both handle policing duties, and the Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur handles counterintelligence. In Ireland, for example, intelligence operations relevant to internal security are conducted by the military (G2) and police (SDU). Countries where various military and civilian agencies divide responsibilities tend to reorganize their efforts over the decades to force the various agencies to cooperate more effectively, integrating (or at least coordinating) their efforts with some unified directorate. For example, after many years of turf wars, the member agencies of the United States Intelligence Community are now coordinated by the Director of National Intelligence, with the hope to reduce stovepiping of information. In many countries all intelligence efforts answer to the military, whether by official design or at least on a de facto basis.[3]

There is debate about whether some security agencies should be characterized as secret police forces. The extent to which security agencies use domestic covert operations to exert political control varies by country and political system. Such operations can include surveillance, infiltration, and disruption of dissident groups, attempts to publicly discredit dissident figures, and even assassination or extrajudicial detention and execution. Such activities may be facilitated by the fact that security agencies usually answer only to a single leader or executive committee, also in federal states where they generally operate as unified secret services of the central government. In many countries, however, security agencies are constrained by a mesh of supplemental judicial and legislative accountability. In Germany, the historical experience of nationwide totalitarian terror imposed in Nazi Germany by the Gestapo has led to a unique system of distributed governance, where the role of a security agency is exercised primarily by the State Offices for the Protection of the Constitution operated by each of the sixteen constituent states of Germany, though coordinated at the national level by an agency of the Federal Government of Germany, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.

Security agencies frequently have "security", "intelligence" or "service" in their names. Private organizations that provide services similar to a security agency might be called a "security company" or "security service", but those terms can also be used for organizations that have nothing to do with intelligence gathering.

Security agencies

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The headquarters of the Finnish Security Intelligence Service or SUPO in Punavuori, Helsinki
Estonian KAPO headquarters in Kassisaba, Kesklinn, Tallinn

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "security agency". Collins.
  2. ^ Bamford, James (2007-12-18). Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42505-8.
  3. ^ a b Johnson, Loch K., ed. (2010). Handbook of intelligence studies (Repr ed.). London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-0415770507.