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Sterculia

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Sterculia
S. foetida
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Subfamily: Sterculioideae
Genus: Sterculia
L.[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]
19 synonyms
  • Astrodendrum Dennst.
  • Balanghas Raf.
  • Cavalam Adans.
  • Cavallium Schott
  • Chichaea C.Presl
  • Clompanus Raf.
  • Culhamia Forssk.
  • Delabechea Lindl.
  • Eribroma Pierre
  • Ivira Aubl.
  • Kavalama Raf.
  • Mateatia Vell.
  • Orsopea Raf.
  • Pompila Noronha
  • Southwellia Salisb.
  • Theodoria Neck.
  • Triphaca Lour.
  • Triplobus Raf.
  • Xylosterculia Kosterm.
Ripe fruit capsules releasing their smooth seeds, Malaysia
S. setigera, dry capsules and seeds – MHNT
S. pruriens, wood texture – MHNT

Sterculia is a genus of about 180 species of flowering plants in the hibiscus family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae. It was formerly placed in the now obsolete family Sterculiaceae.[2] Members of the genus are colloquially known as tropical chestnuts. Sterculia may be monoecious or dioecious, and its flowers unisexual or bisexual.[not verified in body]

Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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A 27-million-year-old †Sterculia labrusca leaf fossil is described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece.[3]

Species

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As of January 2026, Plants of the World Online accepts the following 183 species:[1]

Panama tree, S. apetala

Deprecated

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Etymology

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The scientific name is taken from Sterculius of Roman mythology, who was the god of manure; this is in reference to the unpleasant aroma of the flowers of this genus (e.g. Sterculia foetida).

Ecology

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Sterculia species are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the leaf miner Bucculatrix xenaula, which feeds exclusively on this genus.

Toxicity and uses

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The pods, particularly those of S. foetida, contain seeds reported to be edible, with a taste similar to cocoa.[6] However, the oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids which could be carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic.[7]

Gum karaya is extracted from Sterculia species, and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, as a laxative, and as a denture adhesive. In India, this is sourced from: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madras, Madhya Pradesh and Chhota Nagpur.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Sterculia L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2026. Retrieved 4 January 2026.
  2. ^ Wilkie, Peter; Clark, Alexandra; Pennington, R. Toby; Cheek, Martin; Bayer, Clemens; Wilcock, Chris C. (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Subfamily Sterculioideae (Malvaceae/Sterculiaceae-Sterculieae) Using the Chloroplast Gene NDHF". Systematic Botany. 31: 160–170. doi:10.1600/036364406775971714.
  3. ^ Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece by Dimitrios Velitzelos, Johannes M. Bouchal and Thomas Denk - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Volume 204, May 2014, Pages 56-117
  4. ^ "Firmiana simplex". The Plant List, accessed 30 June 2018.
  5. ^ "GRIN Species Records of Sterculia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  6. ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ L. O. Hanus, P. Goldshlag, V. M. Dembitsky (2008). "Identification Of Cyclopropyl Fatty Acids In Walnut (Juglans Regia L.) Oil." Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2008, 152(1):41–45.
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  • Wikispecies logo Data related to Sterculia at Wikispecies
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Sterculia at Wikimedia Commons
  • FAO: Species with edible "nuts" listed by families angiosperms (under Sterculiaceae)