DZ
DefZone.Net

Kien thuc cong nghe & giai tri

Wiki Article

Tiangong-2

Nguồn dữ liệu từ Wikipedia, hiển thị bởi DefZone.Net

Xem trên WikipediaBài ngẫu nhiên khác

Tiangong-2
A rendering of Tianzhou 1 (left) docked to Tiangong 2.
Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong, the crew of Shenzhou 11, inside Tiangong-2
Station statistics
COSPAR ID2016-057A
SATCAT no.41765Edit this on Wikidata
Crew2: 19 October – 17 November 2016 (Shenzhou 11)
Launch15 September 2016, 14:04:12 UTC (22:04:12 CST)
Carrier rocketLong March 2F/T (T2)
Launch padJiuquan, LA-4/SLS-1
Reentry19 July 2019
Mission statusComplete; deorbited
Mass8,600 kg (19,000 lb)
Length10.4 m (34 ft)
Width23 m (75 ft) solar panel span
Diameter3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Pressurised volume14.4 m3 (510 cu ft)
Perigee altitude369.65 km (229.69 mi)
Apogee altitude378.4 km (235.1 mi)
Orbital inclination42.79°
Orbital speed7.68 km/s (4.77 mi/s)
Orbital period92 minutes
Days occupied29
References:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Configuration
Plan diagram of Tiangong 2 with solar panels extended
Tiangong-2
Simplified Chinese天宫二号
Traditional Chinese天宮二號
Literal meaningCelestial Palace-2 or Heavenly Palace-2
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTiāngōng Èrhào
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTiangong ellhaw
Wade–GilesT'ien1kung1 erh4hao4
Yale RomanizationTyāngūng èrhàu
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationTīngūng yihhouh
JyutpingTin1 gung1 ji6 hou6
Space Laboratory
Simplified Chinese空间实验室
Traditional Chinese空間實驗室
Literal meaningSpace Laboratory
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinKōngjiān shíyàn shì
Gwoyeu Romatzyhkongjian shyryann shyh
Wade–Gilesk'ung1chien1 shih2yen4 shih4

Tiangong-2 (Chinese: 天宫二号; pinyin: Tiāngōng èrhào; lit. 'Heavenly Palace 2') was a Chinese space laboratory developed as part of the Project 921-2 space station program. It launched on 15 September 2016 and was deorbited on 19 July 2019.[8][9]

Tiangong-2 was not intended to be a permanent orbital station, but rather a testbed for technologies later used on the modular Tiangong space station, whose first module launched in 2021.[10][11] Although externally similar to Tiangong-1, Tiangong-2 included upgraded systems and additional capabilities, including a more advanced life-support system for longer crew stays and the ability to be refuelled by a Tianzhou cargo spacecraft. Compared to its predecessor, it also carried a more extensive set of scientific experiments, making it more of a true space laboratory than primarily a docking target vehicle. The station operated in an orbit similar to that later used by the Tiangong space station.[12][1]

Design

[edit]

Tiangong-2 was developed as a technology demonstrator for systems later incorporated into the modular Tiangong space station, whose first module launched in 2021.[13][14] Although externally similar to Tiangong-1, it incorporated upgraded systems, including improved life-support capabilities for longer-duration missions and support for in-orbit refuelling by a Tianzhou cargo spacecraft. It also carried a larger complement of scientific payloads than its predecessor and operated in an orbit similar to that later used by the modular Tiangong station.[1][15]

The spacecraft retained the general configuration of Tiangong-1, having originally been constructed as a flight spare for that program. It had a total length of 10.4 metres (34 ft) and diameter of 3.35 metres (11.0 ft), and a launch mass of approximately 8.6 tonnes (19,000 lb). Two deployable solar arrays mounted on the service module provided electrical power for onboard systems and experiments.[1]

The forward 5-metre-long (16 ft) experiment compartment served as the crew’s primary living and working area, containing flight control and communications equipment, workstations for scientific experiments, sleeping quarters, and observation windows. The transition section tapered from the experiment compartment's 3.35-metre (11.0 ft) diameter to the 2.25-metre (7 ft 5 in) diameter of the service module and housed oxygen, nitrogen, and water tanks for the life-support system.[1]

Tiangong-2 used an androgynous docking system developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology for docking with Shenzhou crewed spacecraft and Tianzhou cargo spacecraft. The system incorporated radar, laser ranging, optical tracking, and radio guidance equipment to support automated and manual rendezvous operations. Compared with Tiangong-1, the interface was modified to enable in-orbit propellant transfer.[1]

The aft 3.3-metre-long (11 ft) service module housed propulsion, electrical, communications, and attitude-control systems. Electrical power was supplied by two four-panel solar arrays spanning approximately 23 metres (75 ft), supported by onboard batteries. The spacecraft also carried a 10-metre (33 ft) robotic arm developed by the China Academy of Space Technology for testing technologies later used on the modular Tiangong station.[1]

A companion microsatellite, Banxing 2, was launched with Tiangong-2 and later deployed for technology demonstrations and external imaging of the laboratory.[1]

The laboratory carried 14 scientific payloads, including experiments in quantum communications, materials science, plant growth, remote sensing, gamma-ray astronomy, and atomic clock technology.[1]

History

[edit]
See also: List of human spaceflights in Tiangong Program

The China Manned Space Engineering Office published a brief description of Tiangong-2 and its successor Tiangong-3 in 2008, stating that at least two crewed spacecraft would dock with Tiangong-2.[7]

Tiangong-2 was originally planned for launch by the China National Space Agency (CNSA) in 2015 as the successor to Tiangong-1, which launched in September 2011.[16][17] Chinese officials stated in March 2011 that the module would support crewed missions and uncrewed cargo resupply operations.[16][6][18]

In September 2014, the launch was delayed to September 2016.[19] At the same time, plans were announced for visits by the crewed Shenzhou 11 mission and the cargo spacecraft Tianzhou.[20]

Tiangong-2 launched from Jiuquan aboard a Long March 2F/T rocket on 15 September 2016.[21] Shenzhou 11 docked with the laboratory on 19 October 2016.[22] The mission carried commander Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong, marking China's first crewed spaceflight in more than three years.[23]

During the 30-day mission, the crew conducted experiments related to the physiological effects of weightlessness, in-orbit maintenance operations, materials science, and other spacecraft systems. Additional experiments involved a gamma-ray burst polarimeter and a space-based cold atomic clock. The crew also deployed a companion satellite and carried out close-range observation and photography activities.[24] Shenzhou 11 departed Tiangong-2 on 17 November 2016, and its reentry module landed in central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region later that day.[24]

On 22 April 2017, Tianzhou-1 docked with Tiangong-2 and completed China's first in-orbit propellant transfer.[25] The spacecraft later carried out additional docking and refuelling tests on 15 June and 12 September 2017. The final test used a fast rendezvous profile that reduced docking time to approximately 6+1⁄2 hours.[26]

In July 2019, the China Manned Space Engineering Office announced plans to deorbit Tiangong-2.[9] The laboratory made a controlled reentry on 19 July 2019 and burned up over the South Pacific Ocean.[27]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Tiangong 2". China Space Report. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  2. ^ huaxia, ed. (16 September 2016). "Tiangong-2 takes China one step closer to space station". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  3. ^ "Tiangong-2 space lab may exceed 5 years service life: expert". Xinhua News Agency. 16 September 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  4. ^ Hunt, Katie; Bloom, Deborah (15 September 2016). "China launches Tiangong-2 space lab". CNN News. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  5. ^ "Space-Track.Org API Access". space-track.org. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  6. ^ a b David, Leonard (11 March 2011). "China Details Ambitious Space Station Goals". SPACE.com. Retrieved 9 March 2011. China is ready to carry out a multiphase construction program that leads to the large space station around 2020. As a prelude to building that facility, China is set to loft the Tiangong-1 module this year as a platform to help master key rendezvous and docking technologies.
  7. ^ a b Branigan, Tania; Sample, Ian (26 April 2011). "China unveils rival to International Space Station". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 April 2011. China often chooses poetic names for its space projects, such as Chang'e – after the moon goddess – for its lunar probes; its rocket series, however, is named Long March, in tribute to communist history. The space station project is currently referred to as Tiangong, or "heavenly palace".
  8. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (20 June 2016). "China prepares assembly of its space station, invites collaboration through U.N." SpaceNews.
  9. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (12 July 2019). "China set to carry out controlled deorbiting of Tiangong-2 space lab". SpaceNews. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  10. ^ "China launches first module of new space station". BBC News. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  11. ^ "China to begin construction of manned space station in 2019". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  12. ^ Wall, Mike (15 September 2016). "China Launches Tiangong-2 Space Lab to Prep for 2020s Space Station". Space.com. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  13. ^ "China launches first module of new space station". BBC News. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  14. ^ "China to begin construction of manned space station in 2019". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  15. ^ Wall, Mike (15 September 2016). "China Launches Tiangong-2 Space Lab to Prep for 2020s Space Station". Space.com. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  16. ^ a b "China to launch Tiangong-2 and cargo spacecraft in 2015". GB Times. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  17. ^ "Tiangong-1 launch betrays China's earthly ambitions" BBC News 29 September 2011 Retrieved 21 November 2011
  18. ^ "China manned spaceflight program" The Space Review 15 October 2009 Retrieved 21 November 2011
  19. ^ Morris Jones (11 September 2014). "China's Space Station is Still on Track". SpaceDaily.
  20. ^ "China to launch second space lab in 2016: official". SpaceDaily. AFP. 10 September 2014.
  21. ^ "China successfully launches Tiangong-2 space lab". CCTV News. 15 September 2016.
  22. ^ Foust, Jeff (19 October 2016). "China's Shenzhou-11 docks with the Tiangong-2 module for month-long stay". Space News. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
  23. ^ Clark, Stuart (20 October 2016). "Two crewed space stations now orbiting Earth". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  24. ^ a b "SCIO briefing on China's Tiangong 2 and Shenzhou 11 manned space mission". China.org.cn. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  25. ^ "Tiangong-2: China's first cargo spacecraft docks with orbiting space lab". The Guardian. 22 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  26. ^ "China's Tianzhou-1 cargo craft and Tiangong-2 space laboratory perform final orbital docking". GB Times. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  27. ^ Liptak, Andrew (20 July 2019). "China has deorbited its experimental space station". The Verge. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Tiangong-2 at Wikimedia Commons