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Tim Ball

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For the American historian, see Timothy H. Ball.

Tim Ball
Born
Timothy Francis Ball

(1938-11-05)5 November 1938
Chippenham, England[3][4]
Died24 September 2022(2022-09-24) (aged 83)
CitizenshipCanadian
Alma materUniversity of Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Queen Mary University of London
Known forOpposing mainstream consensus on climate change
SpouseMarty Ball[5]
AwardsClarence Atchison Award for Excellence in Community Service[1] Clifford J. Robson Memorial Award for Teaching Excellence[2]
Scientific career
FieldsGeography, Climatology
InstitutionsUniversity of Winnipeg
ThesisClimatic change in central Canada : a preliminary analysis of weather information from the Hudson's Bay Company Forts at York Factory and Churchill Factory, 1714–1850. (1983)
Doctoral advisorB.W. Atkinson
Military career
Allegiance Canada
Branch Royal Canadian Air Force
Service years1960–1968
WebsiteOfficial website

Timothy Francis Ball (5 November 1938 – 24 September 2022) was a British-born Canadian public speaker and writer who was a professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Winnipeg from 1971 until his retirement in 1996. Subsequently Ball became active in promoting rejection of the scientific consensus on global warming, giving public talks and writing opinion pieces and letters to the editor for Canadian newspapers.

Early life

[edit]

Timothy Ball was born on 5 November 1938, in Chippenham England and immigrated to Canada in 1957. He worked in Toronto and Sudbury before enlisting in the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1960. He was trained as an aircraft radio operator and for a time served in search and rescue in northern Canada. It was during his service that Ball first became interested in climate science. After eight and a half years in the Air Force, he left in 1968 and began his college studies.[6][7]

Education and professional career

[edit]

Ball received a bachelor's degree with honors in geography from the University of Winnipeg in 1970, followed by an M.A. from the University of Manitoba in 1971 and a PhD in geography with a specific focus on historical climatology from Queen Mary University of London in England in 1983.[8]

Ball became an instructor at the University of Winnipeg in 1971, and a lecturer the following year. He then served in the latter capacity for 10 years. In 1982 he became an assistant professor there, and was promoted to associate professor in 1984 and full professor in 1988. He retired from teaching in 1996.

Research and books

[edit]

Historical climatology and natural history

[edit]

Ball founded the Rupert's Land Research Centre,[9] a historical society dedicated to promoting the history of the area formerly known as Rupert's Land, in 1984.[10] He also served as its director from then until 1996. The society placed a particular emphasis on the use of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives.[11] Ball has published a number of peer-reviewed papers in the field of historical climatology, most of which pertain to reconstructing temperatures in Canada during the past several centuries.[12][non-primary source needed] In 2003, Ball co-authored a book entitled "Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay," which was reviewed in the American Indian Quarterly by Theodore Binnema of the University of Northern British Columbia in 2005,[13] as well as by Fred Cooke in the Auk in 2004.[14]

Climate and polar bears study

[edit]

In 2007 Ball was one of seven co-authors of a paper arguing that "spring air temperatures around the Hudson Bay basin for the past 70 years (1932–2002) show no significant warming trend," and that, as a result, "the extrapolation of polar bear disappearance is highly premature."[15] The paper was a "Viewpoint" article and was not peer-reviewed.[16][17] While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list,[18] its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey[19] and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to lead to major declines in polar-bear populations by 2050. The paper was also criticized by an expert at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, who wrote that it "doesn't measure up scientifically."[18] A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear determined that while polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas, "If the current trends in sea ice continue it is reasonable to predict further changes in [the Baffin Bay] subpopulation including, ultimately, declines in abundance and vital rates. This warrants caution in both future monitoring and management."[20]

Books disputing climate change

[edit]

Tim Ball wrote several books positing a false notion that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas causing warming and advancing a false climate change conspiracy theory.

In his 2016 book Human Caused Global Warming : the Biggest Deception in History Ball tells "the story of how and why the global warming deception was achieved. The world has not warmed for over 20 years, yet carbon dioxide (CO2) levels continue to rise in complete contradiction to what all governments are saying".[21] Ball writes:

The deception is the hypothesis that human production of CO2 is causing global warming. The hypothesis is referred to as Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW). The agency that carried out the deception was the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).[21]

Ball introduces his book as "presented in the form of a journalistic investigation answering basic questions, Why, Who, What, Where, When, and How."[21]

Ball's 2014 book The Deliberate Corruption of Climate Science was along the same lines.[22]

Ball was one of several authors of the 2011 book Slaying the Sky Dragon: Death of the Greenhouse Gas Theory.[23][24]

[edit]

Ball worked with Friends of Science and Natural Resources Stewardship Project, which oppose the scientific consensus of significant anthropogenic global warming,[25] and is a former research fellow at the Frontier Centre for Public Policy.[18][26][27] Ball also rejected the scientific consensus on climate change, claiming that "CO2 is not a greenhouse gas that raises global temperature."[28]

Ball rejected the scientific consensus on climate change and stated that he believed global warming is occurring but that human production of carbon dioxide is not the cause.[29][30][31] Ball rejected not only CO2 greenhouse gas–induced climate change but the existence of the CO2 greenhouse effect itself.[28]

Ball told National Geographic that carbon dioxide causing warming was just a hypothesis, but had been treated as fact because it fit a political agenda and the views of the environmentalists.[32] He reiterated the view that man-made global warming was fabricated by the environmental movement, particularly Environment Canada, in a presentation he gave in June 2006 to the Comox Valley Probus Club.[33]

Ball was also a frequent guest on Coast to Coast AM, an alternative media radio show. On 21 July 2011, while a guest on the show, he stated: "To suggest that CO2's a pollutant when it's an extremely important gas in the atmosphere for all plant life and therefore for the oxygen that's produced, is just nonsense."[34] He is also one of the signatories of the Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change.[35] Ball also, along with Tom Harris, argued that the National Climatic Data Center misleads the public by announcing premature results from their temperature datasets based on incomplete data, and then quietly updating the data when they gain access to all of it, usually diminishing the warming trend in doing so.[36] He also wrote about ocean acidification from a similarly dismissive point of view, arguing that "Even if CO2 increases to 560 ppm by 2050, as the IPCC predict, this would only result in a 0.2 unit reduction of pH. This is still within the error of the estimate of global average [which is 0.3 units]."[37] Ball also said that since he became a vocal opponent of the consensus position on global warming, he received five death threats.[38][39]

Michael E. Mann called Ball "perhaps the most prominent climate change denier in Canada."[40] The Frontier Centre for Public Policy, a Canadian think tank, states that Ball disputed anthropogenic global warming since the mid-1990s, and asserted that global warming is due to natural variations.[41] Ball spoke twice at The Heartland Institute's International Conference on Climate Change, where he was presented as a former climatology professor at the University of Winnipeg.[42][43][44] However, critics pointed out that Ball was a professor of geography, not climatology, and that the University of Winnipeg never had a climatology department.[26][45] Ball replied that the climate program at The University of Winnipeg was part of the geography department in the early 1980s. He also asserted that websites such as DeSmogBlog made false charges about his credentials and professional qualifications.[46][self-published source?]

From 2002 to 2007, Ball wrote 39 opinion pieces and 32 letters to the editor in 24 different Canadian newspapers, and from 2002 to 2012, he gave over 600 public talks about global warming and various environmental issues.[47] Friends of Science maintains a "Climate Digest" of articles written by Ball in 2008–09.[48]

In 2007 Ball appeared on The Great Global Warming Swindle, an hour and a quarter-long British television documentary that aired on Channel 4 and that was described as a "deceptive and propagandist portrayal of the science of global warming".[49] Also in 2007, he participated in Exposed: The Climate of Fear, a special presentation of the Glenn Beck Program, with Patrick Michaels, John Christy, and other climate deniers.[50][51] In 2010, he appeared on the Michael Coren Show.[52]

Controversies and lawsuits

[edit]

Ball claimed, in an article written for the Calgary Herald, that he was the first person to receive a PhD in climatology in Canada, and that he had been a professor for 28 years,[53] claims he also made in a letter to then-prime minister of Canada, Paul Martin.[54] Dan Johnson, a professor of environmental science at the University of Lethbridge, countered his claim on 23 April 2006, in a letter to the Herald stating that when Ball received his PhD in 1983, "Canada already had PhDs in climatology," and that Ball had only been a professor for eight years, rather than 28 as he had claimed. Johnson, however, counted only Ball's years as a full professor.[55] In the letter, Johnson also wrote that Ball "did not show any evidence of research regarding climate and atmosphere," which Ball later admitted.[47]

In response, Ball filed a lawsuit against Johnson. Johnson's statement of defence was provided by the Calgary Herald.[54] In the ensuing court case, Ball acknowledged that he had only been a tenured professor for eight years, and that his doctorate was not in climatology but rather in the broader discipline of geography,[47] and subsequently withdrew the lawsuit on 8 June 2007.[54][56]

In 2011 climate scientist Andrew J. Weaver sued Ball over an article Ball wrote for the Canada Free Press which was later retracted. In the article, Ball described Weaver as lacking a basic understanding of climate science and stated, incorrectly, that Weaver would not be involved in the production of the IPCC's next report because he had concerns about its credibility.[57][58][59] Andrew Weaver's defamation suit against Ball was dismissed in 2018. The judge noted that Ball's words "lack a sufficient air of credibility to make them believable and therefore potentially defamatory" and concluded that the “article is poorly written and does not advance credible arguments in favour of Dr. Ball’s theory about the corruption of climate science. Simply put, a reasonably thoughtful and informed person who reads the article is unlikely to place any stock in Dr. Ball’s views...".[60][61] The British Columbia Court of Appeal in April 2020 reversed the dismissal. Writing that Ball's statements "meet the classic test for defamation," it sent the case back to the trial judge to decide the amount of damages and whether the article was fair comment.[62]

The Frontier Centre for Public Policy's web site published a February 2011 interview, in which Ball told an anonymous interviewer that Michael E. Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, "should be in the State Pen, not Penn State". This referred to Mann's role in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy.[63] Mann then sued Ball and Frontier Centre for libel,[64] and stated that he was seeking punitive damages and for the article to be removed from the web site.[65]

On 7 June 2019, the Frontier Centre For Public Policy published a retraction and apology[66] and settled their part of the case with Mann.[67] On 21 March 2019, Tim Ball had applied to the court to dismiss the action for delay. This request was granted at a hearing on 22 August 2019, and court costs were awarded to Ball. The actual defamation claims were not judged, but instead the case was dismissed due to delay by Mann's legal team.[68]

Funding sources

[edit]

Some have linked Ball's activism to funding from the fossil fuel industry,[26][33][69][70] especially through the organization Friends of Science, whose scientific advisory board he sat upon.[5] For example, Peter Gorrie said in the Toronto Star that Friends of Science received a third of its funding from the oil industry.[71] Bankruptcy disclosures made by Peabody Energy, a large US coal company, showed that Friends of Science received funding from the company.[72] Ball himself has publicly denied these claims,[51][73] as has his wife, Marty Ball.[5]

Books

[edit]
  • Ball, Tim (2016). Human caused global warming : the biggest deception in history. Tellwell Talent. ISBN 9781773021300.
  • Ball, Tim (2014). The deliberate corruption of climate science. Stairway Press. ISBN 9780988877740.
  • Ball, Tim; Siddons, Alan; Olson, Joseph A.; et al. (2011). Slaying the sky dragon : death of the greenhouse gas theory. Stairway Press. ISBN 9780982773413.
  • Houston, Stuart; Ball, Tim; Houston, Mary (2003). Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay. McGill-Queen's Native and Northern. Vol. 34. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773522855.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Clarence Atchison Award for Excellence in Community Service". University of Winnipeg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  2. ^ "Clifford J. Robson Memorial Award for Teaching Excellence". University of Winnipeg. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  3. ^ "Dr. Tim Ball". Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  4. ^ https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10442-98396585/timothy-f-ball-in-england-wales-birth-index. Retrieved 23 October 2025. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Mittelstaedt, Martin (17 November 2009). "Ad campaign takes aim at climate change". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  6. ^ "Timothy Francis Ball - Obituary". Winnipeg Free Press. 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  7. ^ "Memorable Manitobans: Timothy Francis "Tim" Ball (1938-2022)". Manitoba Historical Society. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  8. ^ McLeod, Judi. "[1] Archived 23 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine," Climatologist Timothy Ball sends PhD to Canada Free Press, 7 February 2007: Canada Free Press. Direct quote of how he describes himself.
  9. ^ "Website at the University of Winnipeg". Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  10. ^ Ruggles, Richard I. (1991). A Country So Interesting: The Hudson's Bay Company and Two Centuries of Mapping, 1670–1870. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. xiii.
  11. ^ "Churchill Provides Ideal Meeting Place for Rupert's Land Colloquium" (PDF). In Edition. 5 (16): 1–2. April 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  12. ^ These papers include:
  13. ^ Binnema, Theodore (Summer–Fall 2005). "Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay (review)". American Indian Quarterly. 29 (3 & 4): 732–733. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0078. S2CID 162302655.
  14. ^ Cooke, Fred (2004). "Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay Review". The Auk. 121 (4): 1301. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1301:ENOHB]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85610965.
  15. ^ Dyck, M. G.; Soon, W.; Baydack, R. K.; Legates, D. R.; Baliunas, S.; Ball, T. F.; Hancock, L. O. (2007). "Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: Are warming spring air temperatures the "ultimate" survival control factor?". Ecological Complexity. 4 (3): 73. Bibcode:2007EcoCm...4...73D. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.002.
  16. ^ "Exxon's funding of polar bear research questioned". New Scientist. 28 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  17. ^ "Work of prominent climate change denier was funded by energy industry Archived 10 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine," The Guardian, 21 February 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  18. ^ a b c Pilkington, Ed (30 September 2008). "Palin fought safeguards for polar bears with studies by climate change sceptics". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  19. ^ "Forecasting the Future Status of Polar Bears," USGS: Alaska Science Center, updated 19 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  20. ^ "Report Summary Pdf, pg 21, p3,5". Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  21. ^ a b c Ball, Tim (2016). Human caused global warming : the biggest deception in history. Tellwell Talent. ISBN 9781773021300.
  22. ^ Ball, Tim (2014). The deliberate corruption of climate science. Stairway Press. ISBN 978-0988877740.
  23. ^ Ball, Tim. "Excerpt from Slaying the Sky Dragon." Accessed from Ball's website Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2 February 2014.
  24. ^ O'Sullivan, John, et al. Slaying the Sky Dragon: Death of the Greenhouse Gas Theory. Mt. Vernon, WA: Stairway Press, 2011.
  25. ^ Ball, Tim. "The First in A Series of Simplified Explanations of the Corrupted and Falsified Science of Human Caused Global Warming," posted by Ball on his own website Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 17 June 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  26. ^ a b c Monbiot, George (21 July 2008). "Why does Channel 4 seem to be waging a war against the greens?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  27. ^ "Tim Ball, Research Fellow." Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 31 January 2007, archived 15 June 2014.
  28. ^ a b Ball, Tim, "CO2 is not a Greenhouse Gas that Raises Global temperature. Period!", personal website, 15 February 2016.
  29. ^ "Climate of controversy". Ottawa Citizen. 18 May 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  30. ^ Glen, Barb (8 June 2012). "Global warming 'biggest deception in history'". The Western Producer. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  31. ^ Coren, Michael (13 February 2010). "Climatology expert threatened for climate change views". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  32. ^ Minard, Anne (24 September 2007). "Global Warming Inaction More Costly Than Solutions?". National Geographic. p. 2. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  33. ^ a b Montgomery, Charles (12 August 2006). "Nurturing doubt about climate change is big business". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  34. ^ Noory, George (21 July 2011). "Summer Psychic Special". Coast to Coast AM. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  35. ^ "Climate Experts Who Signed Manhattan Declaration". Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  36. ^ Harris, Tom; Ball, Tim (11 January 2013). "HARRIS AND BALL: 2012 probably not the hottest on record, after all". Washington Times. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  37. ^ Ball, Tim (22 August 2009). "ENVIRONMENT: Analysis of alarmism: ocean acidification". News Weekly. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  38. ^ Harper, Tom (11 March 2007). "Scientists threatened for 'climate denial'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  39. ^ McLeod, Judi (12 March 2007). "Death Threats for man-made-global-warming-doesn't-exist scientist". Canada Free Press. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  40. ^ Mann, Michael E. (2012). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars. Columbia University Press. p. 95.
  41. ^ "Expert says global warming all "bunk"". Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  42. ^ "Timothy Ball". Heartland Institute website. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Dr. Timothy Ball is an environmental consultant and former climatology professor at the University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
  43. ^ "Tim Ball". International Conference on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  44. ^ Broder, John M. (30 June 2011). "Senator Inhofe Sends His Regrets". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. Scheduled speakers [at the Heartland Institute's sixth conference] include some of the nation's best-known global warming skeptics, including Anthony Watts, a television weatherman; Timothy Ball, a former University of Winnipeg professor who has been sued for libel by Michael Mann....
  45. ^ "Complaint to Ofcom Regarding "The Great Global Warming Swindle"". Ofcomswindlecomplaint.net. 11 June 2007. p. 134. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  46. ^ Ball, Tim (7 February 2011). "Ad hominem". Dr. Tim Ball. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014.
  47. ^ a b c Farley, John W. (1 May 2012). "Petroleum and Propaganda". Monthly Review. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  48. ^ Not all of the 19 articles archived Archived 5 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine at the Friends of Science website are dated.
  49. ^ Brook, Barry (12 July 2007). "Don't be swindled". ABC News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  50. ^ Gertz, Matt and Julie Millican. Beck's global warming special dominated by industry-funded experts,' serial misinformers Archived 14 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine." Media Matters for America. May 3, 2007. Accessed 15 Feb. 2014.
  51. ^ a b Durkin, Martin (12 December 2010). The Great Global Warming Swindle (Film). 00:14: YouTube. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link) Ball was misidentified in the documentary as Professor from the Department of Climatology, University of Winnipeg; he left his faculty position in 1996, and the University of Winnipeg never had a Department of Climatology.
  52. ^ Coren, Michael.Climatology expert threatened for climate change views Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine." The Toronto Sun. 13 February 2010. Accessed 15 February 2014.
  53. ^ Ball, Tim (19 April 2006). "Aussies' Suzuki heavier on rhetoric than on science". The Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  54. ^ a b c Hoggan, James (2009). Climate Cover-Up. Greystone Books. pp. 142–144. ISBN 978-1-926706-77-1.
  55. ^ Ball was an instructor at the University of Winnipeg in 1971, an assistant professor in 1982, and an associate professor in 1984 before promotion to full professorship in 1988, until his retirement 8 years later in 1996. See CV (archived version here: [2]).
  56. ^ "Partial Discontinuance of Action". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  57. ^ Rudolf, John Collins (8 February 2011). "Climate Scientist Sues Skeptic for Libel". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  58. ^ Brainard, Curtis (25 July 2012). "I Don't Bluff". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  59. ^ Reich, Eugenie Samuel (9 February 2011). "Climate skeptic makes free speech appeal". Nature News Blog. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  60. ^ Fraser, Keith (14 February 2018). "B.C. Green party leader Andrew Weaver has defamation lawsuit against retired prof thrown out". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  61. ^ DeRosa, Katie (14 February 2018). "B.C. Green Party's Andrew Weaver loses defamation lawsuit". Times Colonist. Victoria, B.C. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  62. ^ Dickson, Louise (30 April 2020). "Article defamed Andrew Weaver, B.C. Court of Appeal finds". Times Colonist. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  63. ^ "Dr. Tim Ball, Historical Climatologist". Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 10 February 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  64. ^ Michael Mann v. Timothy Ball, VLC-SS-111913 (BCSC 11 March 2011).
  65. ^ Greer, Darryl (28 March 2011). "Prof Claims Climate-Denier Defamed Him". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  66. ^ "Retraction and apology to Michael Mann" (png) (Press release). Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 7 June 2019. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019 – via Columbia University.
  67. ^ McIntosh, Emma (16 June 2019). "A Scientist Took Climate Change Deniers to Court and Wrested an Apology From Them". Mother Jones. Retrieved 16 June 2019. (story originally published by the National Observer)
  68. ^ Michael Mann v. Timothy Ball, 1580 (BCSC 2019) ("This is a relatively straightforward defamation action and should have been resolved long before now. That it has not been resolved is because the plaintiff has not given it the priority that he should have. In the circumstances, justice requires that the action be dismissed and, accordingly, I do hereby dismiss the action for delay."), archived from the original on 20 September 2019.
  69. ^ Moore, John (23 February 2012). "John Moore: A peek into the climate denier industry". National Post. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  70. ^ Hoggan, James (12 August 2006). "Oil Companies Funding Friends of Science, Tim Ball takes the brunt". DeSmog. Archived from the original on 26 April 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
  71. ^ Gorrie, Peter (1 January 2007). "Who's still cool on global warming?". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  72. ^ Mandel, Charles (16 June 2016). "U.S. coal giant owed money to Canadian climate change deniers". Canada's National Observer. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  73. ^ "Exposed: The Climate of Fear". CNN. 2 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014. ...I'm accused of getting the money from the oil company, which is simply a lie.