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White Cubans

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White Cubans
Cubanos blancos (Spanish)
Flag of Cuba, commonly used as an ethnic flag for White Cubans
Total population
White ancestry predominates
Decrease 7,160,399 (2012 census)[1][2]
Decrease 64.12% of the Cuban population
Regions with significant populations
All areas of Cuba
Languages
Majority: Spanish
Minority: Galician · Catalan
Religion
Majority: Christianity (Catholicism)
Minority: Irreligion · Judaism
Related ethnic groups

White Cubans (Spanish: Cubanos blancos) are Cubans of total or predominantly European (especially Iberian) and West Asian ancestry, these stand out for having light or olive skin and self-identify as white.[3] In a more official sense, the National Office of Statistics and Information, which collects demographic data on Cubans, uses the term "white". The 2012 Cuban census reported that White Cubans are currently the largest group in Cuba representing 64.12% of the population.[4][5]

Aside from Spanish—largely Asturian, Galician, Castillian and Canarian—settlers, additional Europeans of many families from France, the United Kingdom (especially England), Portugal, Italy, among others. The Royal decree of October 21, 1817 encouraged Europeans to settle in Cuba when the island was a Captaincy General, an administrative district of the Spanish Empire. Large flows of Northern Spaniards also occurred in the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, among other Europeans.

History

[edit]

Settlement

[edit]
Further information: Spanish immigration to Cuba
Cuban supervisors for the 1899 census.

In 1511, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar set out with three ships and an army of 300 men from Hispaniola to form the first Spanish settlement in Cuba, with orders from Spain to conquer the island. The settlement was at Baracoa, but the new settlers were to be greeted with stiff resistance from the local Taíno population. In 1514, a settlement was founded in what was to become Havana.[6]

Enumerators of Havana (1899).

Cuba's white population was varied with compared to elsewhere in the Caribbean including landless labourers, peasants, artisans, shopkeepers, construction workers, import and export merchants, butchers, salters, tailors, professionals in the army and navy, chemists, lawyers, doctors and priests.[7]

During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early part of the twentieth century, large waves of Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Castilians, and Galicians immigrated to Cuba. Many European Jews have also immigrated there, with some of them being Sephardic.[8] In 1899 the Spanish-born represented 74.9% of the total foreign-born population.[9]

1900 - present

[edit]

The first decades of the twentieth century immigration policies supported the migration of entire families. Between 1902 and 1907, nearly 128,000 Spaniards entered Cuba, and officially in 1906, Cuba created its immigration law that funded white migrants.[10]

Spanish arrivals by region

[edit]

The table shows the regions of Spanish arrivals to Cuba just in the year 1900. The three largest groups were Galicians, Austrians and Canary Islanders which constituted 68% of all Spanish immigrants.[11]

% of foreign-born in 1907.[12]
  1. Spain (81.0%)
  2. China (4.90%)
  3. United States (4.20%)
  4. Africa (3.50%)
  5. Rest of the Americas (3.00%)
  6. England (0.50%)
  7. Rest (2.90%)
Arrivals by region (1900)
Region[13] Population %
Galician 19,088 28.56
Asturian 15,853 23.72
Canary Islander 10,509 15.72
Old Castile 5,126 7.6
Catalan 3,563 5.33
Andalusian 3,185 4.76
León 2,255 3.57
Basque 1,760 2.63
New Castile 1,225 1.83
Valencian 1,047 1.56
Balearic 869 1.32
Aragonese 780 1.16
Navarrese 754 1.12
Murcia 419 0.62
Extremaduran 384 0.50
Total 66,817 100

However, many European immigrants did not stay in Cuba and came solely for the sugar harvest, returning to their homes during the off seasons. Although some 780,000 Spaniards migrated between 1902–1931, 250,000 stayed. By the 1920s, increasing European migration through national policy had effectively failed.[14]

Fidel Castro was the son of Ángel Castro y Argiz, who was born in Galicia, Spain.

In 1907 the Spanish-born population represented 81% of the total foreign-born, increasing the share to 72.4% in 1919.[15] In 1931, 274,303 were born in Europe, of these 257,596 were Spaniards composing 59% of all those born abroad and 6.5% of the total Cuban population. This gradually decreased by the mid 1950s. Spanish arrivals formed 63.9% of all foreign born in 1943 and half the population 74,561 (49.9%) in 1953.[16][17]

The 1953 census reported that 72.8% of Cubans identified as white of European descent, mainly of Spanish origin, 12.4% were Black African, 14.5% of both Black and White ancestry (mulattos), and 0.3% of the population was of Chinese and or East Asian descent (officially called "amarilla" or "yellow" in the census).[18]

Alicia Alonso was a Cuban prima ballerina.[19]
Spanish born population[20][21]
Year Population % of pop.
1899 129,240 Steady 8.21
1907 185,393 Increase 9.05
1919 245,644 Decrease 8.5
1931 257,596 Decrease 6.5
1943 157,527 Decrease 3.3
1953 74,561 Decrease
1970 74,026 Decrease 0.86
1981 TBD Decrease 0.04
2002 TBD Decrease
2012 TBD Decrease

Many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist regime took power. Historically, between 1861-1887 Chinese descendants in Cuba were classified as White.[22]

According to 2020 data, the Spanish-born population in Cuba was 505 (16.7% of the total foreign-born), the next largest European groups were Italy 371 (12.2%) and Russia 343 (11.3%). Others include Ukraine 131, Germany 106, France 69, Romania 60 and United Kingdom 31.[23]

Other European groups

[edit]

France

[edit]
Further information: French immigration to Cuba

The first wave of French immigrants to arrive in Cuba were fleeing the Haitian Revolution and the new governmental administration of Haiti after independence was declared. This immigration reached its peak between 1800 and 1809, when more than twenty-seven thousand French of all social classes arrived in the eastern part of Cuba. Many of them emigrated to the city of Santiago de Cuba.[24] A second wave occurred in 1814, with a third wave between 1818 and 1835 prompted by a royal order from the Spanish Crown intended to increase the proportion of white Europeans in Cuba and a fourth and last between 1836 and 1868.[25]

Great Britain

[edit]
Epidemiologist Carlos Finlay.

The British (predominantly English and Irish) population in Cuba in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.[26] The greatest number of British immigrants arriving between 1818 and 1819 in Havana and Matanzas were working class, due to promotion of European colonisation and settlement.[27]

A considerable population of Irish and English immigrants settled in the North Eastern part of the island at the beginning of the 19th century, especially in the coastal cities and towns. In the 1840s the census showed that 1327 British nationals were in Cuba, this decade was the start of British immigration. This population increased to 16,005 in 1847 and 21, 244 in 1862.[28] In 1899 there were 588 people born in England, 1,252 in 1907, rising to 19,628 in 1919, declining to 3,095 in 1931, 1,887 in 1943 and 14,421 in 1953.[29]

Italy

[edit]
Further information: Italian Cubans

Syria and Lebanon

[edit]
Further information: Arab Cubans

Demographics

[edit]
White Cubans 1774 - 2012
N. Year Population % pop.
1 1774 96,440 Steady 56.19
2 1792 133,553 Decrease 48.75
3 1817 238,910 Decrease 43.20
4 1827 311,051 Increase 44.15
5 1841 418,291 Decrease 41.51
6 1861 793,484 Increase 58.08
7 1877 981,039 Increase 65.00
8 1887 1,102,889 Increase 68.54
9 1899 1,052,397 Decrease 66.91
10 1907 1,428,176 Increase 69.70
11 1919 2,088,047 Increase 72.28
12 1931 2,856,956 Decrease 72.10
13 1943 3,553,312 Increase 74.36
14 1953 4,243,956 Decrease 72.81
15 1970 No data collected
16 1981 6,415,468 Decrease 65.98
17 2002 7,271,926 Decrease 65.06
18 2012 7,160,399 Decrease 64.12

Most White Cubans are of Spanish, French, Portuguese, German, Italian, Irish, and Russian descent.[30] White people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population according to the 2012 census[31] being the majority predominantly of diverse Iberian ancestry with another European mix.

However, after the mass exodus resulting from the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of Whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar number of 51% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 37-45%.

Other studies

[edit]

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies at the University of Miami says the present Cuban population is 38% White and 62% Black/Mulatto.[32] The Minority Rights Group International says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 percent to 62 percent".[33][34]

Population history

[edit]
Entrance to the Royal Palm Hotel, Havana in 1930.

Officially Cuba has had 18 population censuses, eight during the colonial period (1774-1887), six during the republic (1899-1953) and four during the revolution period. From 1861 to 1887 Asians or Chinese were counted as white, due to the low population.[35]

  • Note that the 1970 census (15th) did not include data on race or ethnicity.[36]

Table shows those who identify as white in every census since 1774 to the present. Source: ONEI Cuba[37][38][39]

Demographic vertical bar chart of between 1774 and 2012
  Population (1774-2012) Cuban census
Demographic vertical bar chart of between 1774 and 2012
  Population percentage (%) per census (1774-2012)

Geographic distribution

[edit]

2012 census

[edit]
Provinces in order numbered 1-16 starting with Pinar del Rio.

Table shows the 2012 census figures for white Cubans in numbers and as a percentage of the total population and their distribution in each province.[40]

Province[41] Population White (%)
Pinar del Rio 457,879 78.0
Artemisa 378,439 76.5
La Habana 1,230,682 58.4
Mayabeque 294,414 78.1
Matanzas 513,217 73.9
Cienfuegos 306,404 75.8
Villa Clara 652,796 82.5
Sancti Spiritus 387,914 83.7
Ciego de Avila 335,674 78.8
Camagüey 580,472 75.2
Las Tunas 397,353 74.6
Granma 352,108 42.2
Holguín 828,059 80.0
Santiago de Cuba 268,375 25.6
Guantanamo 125,880 24.4
Isla de la Juventud 50,732 59.9
Cuba 7,160,399 64.1

Municipalities

[edit]

The top 10 municipalities with the highest proportion of the local population.[42]

Municipality[43] White (%)
Cabaiguán 93.3
Gibara 92.1
Florencia 91.7
Taguasco 90.5
Camajuaní 89.7
Báguanos 89.3
Calixto García 89.2
Puerto Padre 88.8
Rafael Freyre 88.5
Banes 87.8

Age structure

[edit]
Age groups[44] White (%)
Total 100
0-14 17.1
15-59 62.9
60 or more 20.0

Diaspora

[edit]
See also: Cuban post-revolution exodus and Cuban Americans
Actress Ana de Armas.

However, after the Cuban revolution, due to mainly mass exodus to Miami or Florida in general as the main destination, a drastic decrease in immigration to the island, Cuba's demography changed. During the 1960s 97% of Cubans who arrived to the United States identified as white. At a time when according to the 1953 census, 73% of Cuba's population was white. During the 1970s, 80% of Cuban arrivals were white, 81% in the 1980s and 86% of those in the 1990s.[45]

As a result, those who identify as white and those of pure Black African ancestry have decreased, the mixed population has increased, and the Chinese (or East Asian) population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.[46][contradictory]

Many notable people of European descent left Cuba at various intervals, for example actor Desi Arnaz (descended from Cuban nobility), actress Gina Romand, actor Andy Garcia,[47] television host Daisy Fuentes[48] and journalist and talk show host Cristina Saralegui.[49]

Genetics studies

[edit]

An autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic makeup in Cuba to be 72% White, 20% Black African, and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mixed and Black). According to this study Whites are on average 86% White, 6.7% Black African and 7.8% Native American with European ancestry ranging from 65% to 99%. 75% of whites are over 80% European and 50% are over 88% European[50] According to a study in 2011 Whites are on average 5.8% African with African ancestry ranging from 0% to 13%. 75% of whites are under 8% African and 50% are under 5% African.[51] A study from 2009 analyzed the genetic structure of the three principal ethnic groups from Havana City (209 individuals), and the contribution of parental populations to its genetic pool.

A contribution from Indigenous peoples was not detectable in the studied sample.[52]

See also

[edit]

Immigrant communities in Cuba

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). almendron. 2016. p. 17. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  3. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). almendron. 2016. p. 8. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  4. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). almendron. 2016. p. 17. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  5. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). Cuba Statistics and Information. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-21.
  6. ^ Tarrago, Rafael (2017). Understanding Cuba as a Nation From European Settlement to Global Revolutionary Mission. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-315-44446-8. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
  7. ^ Tarrago, Rafael (2017). Understanding Cuba as a Nation From European Settlement to Global Revolutionary Mission. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-44446-8. Retrieved 23 August 2025.
  8. ^ "In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life". The New York Times. 4 February 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  9. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899" (PDF). 1899. p. 220. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
  10. ^ Chomsky, Aviva. ""Barbados or Canada?" Race, Immigration, and Nation in Early-Twentieth-Century Cuba". Retrieved 2 August 2025.
  11. ^ "LA INMIGRACION HISPANICA Y EL FOMENTO DE ASOCIACIONES REGIONALES EN CUBA" (PDF). 2006. Retrieved August 8, 2025.
  12. ^ "Censos en Cuba 1907 - 1953" (PDF). onei (in Spanish). p. 197. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  13. ^ "LA INMIGRACION HISPANICA Y EL FOMENTO DE ASOCIACIONES REGIONALES EN CUBA" (PDF). 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
  14. ^ de la Fuente, A. (1998). "Race, National Discourse, Politics in Cuba: An Overview". Latin American Perspectives. 25 (3): 43–69. doi:10.1177/0094582x9802500303. JSTOR 2634166. S2CID 220912969.
  15. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899" (PDF). 1899. p. 220. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
  16. ^ "Censos en Cuba 1907 - 1953" (PDF). onei (in Spanish). p. 190. Retrieved 23 June 2025.
  17. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899" (PDF). 1899. p. 220. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
  18. ^ "GEOGRAPHIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT CUBA" (PDF). 1960. p. 3. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  19. ^ Simon, Pedro Simon (2022). Alicia Alonso: Gloria y escuela (in Spanish). ISBN 978-959-314-085-0. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
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  22. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899". Digital.tcl.sc.edu. p. 81. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  23. ^ "Disminuye el número de inmigrantes en Cuba". Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  24. ^ Cervantes-Rodriguez, Margarita; Portes, Alejandro (2010). International Migration in Cuba Accumulation, Imperial Designs, and Transnational Social Fields. Penn State Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-271-03539-0. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  25. ^ Cervantes-Rodriguez, Margarita; Portes, Alejandro (2010). International Migration in Cuba Accumulation, Imperial Designs, and Transnational Social Fields. Penn State Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-271-03539-0. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  26. ^ Curry-Machado, Jonathan (2009). "Running from Albion: migration to Cuba from the British Isles in the 19th century". p. 25. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  27. ^ Curry-Machado, Jonathan (2009). "Running from Albion: migration to Cuba from the British Isles in the 19th century". p. 25. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  28. ^ Curry-Machado, Jonathan (2009). "Running from Albion: migration to Cuba from the British Isles in the 19th century". p. 25. Retrieved November 6, 2025.
  29. ^ "Censos en Cuba 1907 - 1953" (PDF). onei (in Spanish). p. 197. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  30. ^ "Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba". (from Cuban Genealogy Center)
  31. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). almendron. 2016. p. 17. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
  32. ^ "A barrier for Cuba's blacks – New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013.
  33. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Afro-Cubans". Refworld. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  34. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Overview". Archived from the original on 10 May 2011.
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  38. ^ "CENSO 2012". onei.gob.cu. 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2025.
  39. ^ "Censo 1981" (PDF). onei.gob.cu. Retrieved 10 August 2025.
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  41. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). almendron (in Spanish). 2016. p. 66. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
  42. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). almendron (in Spanish). 2016. p. 67. Retrieved 4 September 2025.
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  45. ^ Eckstein, Susan (2009). The Immigrant Divide How Cuban Americans Changed the U.S. and Their Homeland. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-83834-8. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
  46. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). Cuba Statistics and Information. pp. 8, 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  47. ^ "Andy García on his love for Spain, overcoming obstacles in his career, and the joy of family". Hola. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2025.
  48. ^ Perez-Feria, Richard (July 26, 2012). "Daisy Fuentes 'Just getting Started'". HudsonMod. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  49. ^ Saralegui, Cristina (30 May 2009). Cristina!: My Life as a Blonde. Grand Central. ISBN 9780446559720. Retrieved October 31, 2025.
  50. ^ Marcheco-Teruel, B; Parra, EJ; Fuentes-Smith, E; Salas, A; Buttenschøn, HN; et al. (2014). "Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers". PLOS Genetics. 10 (7) e1004488. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488. PMC 4109857. PMID 25058410.
  51. ^ Teruel, Beatriz Marcheco; Rodríguez, Juan J Llibre; McKeigue, Paul; Mesa T, Teresa Collazo; Fuentes, Evelyn; Cepero A, Adolfo Valhuerdi; Hernandez, Milagros A Guerra; Copeland JRM, John RM; Ferri, Cleusa P; Prince, Martin J (December 2011). "Interactions between genetic admixture, ethnic identity, APOE genotype and dementia prevalence in an admixed Cuban sample; a cross-sectional population survey and nested case-control study". BMC Medical Genetics. 12 (1): 43. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-12-43. PMC 3079615. PMID 21435264.
  52. ^ Cintado, A.; Companioni, O.; Nazabal, M.; Camacho, H.; Ferrer, A.; De Cossio, M. E. Fernandez; Marrero, A.; Ale, M.; Villarreal, A.; Leal, L.; Casalvilla, R.; Benitez, J.; Novoa, L.; Diaz-Horta, O.; Dueñas, M. (1 January 2009). "Admixture estimates for the population of Havana City". Annals of Human Biology. 36 (3): 350–360. doi:10.1080/03014460902817984. PMID 19381988. S2CID 10307820.