Napolèon Bonaparté

Nuked by nuker bot

Asay ngon neubeuët

Ayah Napolèon, Carlo Bounaparté nakeuh waki Korsika di Keurajaan Louis XVI.

Napolèon Bonaparté aneuk numbôy dua nibak tujôh meusyèdara. Jih lahé di Casa Bounaparte, di banda Ajaccio, Korsika, bak uroë 15 buleuën Lapan thôn 1769, saboh thôn lheuëh jipulang Rèpublik Genova keu Peurancih.^[1] Jih lahè ngön nan Napoleone di Bounaparté, nyang dudoë jiubah jeuët keu Napolèon Bonaparté nyang leubèh meubèë Peurancih.^{[note 1]}

Keuluarga Bounaparté saboh keuluarga ulèë balang nyang teuka dari Italia, nyang geuwèh u Korsika bak abad keu-16/^[3] Ayahjih, Nobile Carlo Bounaparté, sidroë peungacara, tom jeuët keu waki Korsika watèë Louis XVI meukuasa bak thôn 1777. Majih nan Maria Letizia Ramolino. Jih na sidroë aduën, Joseph; ngon 5 adoë, nakeuh Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, ngön Jérôme. Napolèon ji baptis seubagai katolik padum-padum uroë seugolom meuulang thôn nyang keudua, pah that bak uroë 21 buleuën Tujôh thôn 1771 di Katèdral Ajaccio.^[4]

Meu ulèë balang, kaya, seureuta hubôngan keuluargajih nyang luah jeuët keu na Napolèon ubeuet kri peuluweuëng nyang luah bak jak beuët sampoë tingkat nyang manyang.^[5] Bak buleuën Sa thôn 1779, Napolèon jidapeuta bak saboh sikula agama di Autun, Peurancih, meukeusud keujijak meurunoë bahsa Peurancih, ngön bak buleuën Limöng jih jidapeuta lom bak saboh sikula mayang militè di Brienne-le-Château. Bak sikula, jih jimeututô ngon lugat narit Korsika nyang that meuklok sampoë jih kayém jikheun keuh lé ngön-ngön jih; seubab nyan keuh jih ka that sunggôh bak jimeurunoë.^[6] Napolèon carong bak éleumèë matematika, ngön that meuphôm lam éleumèë seujarah ngon éleumèë bumoë.^[7] Lheuëh seuleusoë bak neubeuët nyan laju jisambông neubeuët u Brienne bak thôn 1784, Napolèon jidapeuta bak sikula hayeuë École Militaire di Paris. Disinan jih jilatih jeuët keu sidroë pang artileri. Watèë meusikula disinan, ayahjih meuninggai. Jih pih ék seuleusoë bak sikula nyan lam sithôn, bak kri nyang biasa sikula nyan barô keuh seuleusoë dua thôn. Jih jiujoë lé sidroë ahli that hayeuë masa nyan Pierre-Simon Laplace, nyang bak masa lheuëh nyan jitunyok lé Napolèon jeuët keu anggèta senat.^[8]

Karier militè

Gamba nyang that jithèë Napoleon Meulingkeuë Alpèn, peuneugot Jacques-Louis David.

Jih jeuët keu murib bak sikula manyang militè Brienne thôn 1779 bak umu 10 thôn, ngön that carong sampoë Napolèon jeuët lulôh bak sikula manyang nyan bak umu 15 thôn. Karier militèjih jiék ngon bagah lheuëh jih asé jipeuseungap gabuëk nyang jipeugot lé kawôm meudukông royalis ngon kri nyang jeuët that gura: jitimbak meuriam di banda Paris dari ateuëh meunara. Keujadian nyan thôn 1795 bak watèë Napolèon umu 26 thôn. Meumacam prang asé jipeumeunang droëjih, nibak laén prang meulawan Austria ngön Prusia.

Masa meujaya

Lam masa jayajih, Napolèon Bonaparté jikuasa rab mandum tanöh Eropa got ngön diplomasi atawa ngon muprang. Nibak laén nakeuh Beulanda ngön jibeuôt adoëjih Louis Napolèon,Spanyol ngön jibeuôt Joseph Napolèon, Swedia ngön jibeuôt Jenderal Bernadotte seubagoë raja nyang lheuëh nyan teuma meukhianat, lam bagi rayek wilayah Italia nyang jireubôt dari Austria ngön Polandia ngön jibeuôt Joseph Poniatowski seubagoë wali neugara Polandia.

Meunikah

Napolèon jimeunikah ngön sidroë inöng balèë Joséphine de Beauharnais, lam meurumöh tangga Napolèon peunöh ngön hana peucaya ngön buët meukhianat binoë, lagèë nyang hubôngan Napolèon ngön dara Polandia Maria Walewska sampoë akhéjih Joséphine jeuët keu peurumöh seutia. Meudalèh ngön umu nyang leubèh tuha, Joséphine hana meukeuturônan bak Napolèon nyang dudoë jitaleuëk. Lheuëh nyan meunikah lom Napolèon ngon Putroë Kaisar Austria Marie Louise putroë dari Kaisar Francois I nyang geuikat hubôngan sikutu Austria ngön Peurancih, paunikah putroë nyan ngön Napolèon nakeuh akai peudana meuntroë Matternich bah seulamat nanggroë Austria. Hubôngan meunikah nyan meuakhé ngön talô Napolèon nyang keuphôn. Lam talô nyan ka rhet banda Paris seubab jiprang lé Rusia, Austria ngön Prusia Napolèon jidrop ngon ji peuwèh keudéh u pulo Elba. Marie Louise laju jipuwoë lé ayahjih u Wina.

Pusaka

Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, (1868) jigamba lé Jean-Léon Gérôme, Hearst Castle

Prang

Lam organisasi militè, Napolèon jipeuturi istilah korps, nyang na nibak meusapat divisi. Jipeugot korps nyoë jidukông cit lé rayek that ureuëng watèë nyan nyang jak dapeuta jeuët keu teuntra, sampoë ka ramèë that-that teuntra jeuët keu jipeugot unit teuntra nyang leubèh rayek nibak divisi.

Napolèon jituri cit ngon meupeuguna artileri meurayek-rayek bak peuhancô musôh, hana harok jih jipeuguna teuntra infantri langsông. Lam jipilh artileri pih jih galak keu artileri nyang glah bak meugrak bah jeuët keu saboh kri meupeusiblah droë lam prang. Saboh artileri nyang that jigalak nakeuh meuriam Sistem Thôn XI nyang seubeutôijih leubèh nibak kri inovasi dari meuriam Sistem Gribeauval.

Kritik

Hana mandum cit prang asé meunang jih. Talô jih bak keuneuk kuasa tanöh Mesir nyang akibatjih suah meukeuë-keuë teuntra Peurancih meulawan Inggréh, Mamluk ngön Utsmani. Adak pih lam gurôn, Napolèon asé jipeutalô teuntra gabôngan Keusultanan Utsmani ngön Keusultanan Mamluk lam Prang Piramida, tapi padum-padum uroë lheuëh nyan Peurancih talô bak meulawan Inggréh lam prang di Teluk Abukir. Armada Horatio Nelson (Lakseumana Inggréh) nyang keudua go jih meupeutalô armada Peurancih. Go nyoë lam prang di laôt Trafalgar antara armada Peurancis-Spanyol nyang jipimpin lé Lakseumana Villeneuve ngön armada Britania Raya nyang jipimpin lé Lakseumana Nelson, adak pih Nelson maté lam prang nyan keunong timbak bak teuntra seunapan Peurancih.

Talô lom Napolèon bak jak prang Rusia seubab hayeuë that ngon carong that kri strategi Jenderal Mikhail Kutuzov ngön Tsar Aleksandr I dari Rusia lam jilawan teuntra Peurancih ngön jimanfa'at keuneunöng leupië Rusia nyang jeuët peumaté ureuëng nyan ban leupië jih. Watèe nyan Napolèon talô seubab jikhianat lé Raja Swedia, Jendral Bernadotte. Strategi Rusia lam hai nyoë nakeuh jitet banda Moskow lheuëh Napolèon asé peutaklôk banda nyan lam prang nyang that brat di Borodino.

Ngön talô di Rusia habéh keuh karier jih seubagoë Kaisar Peurancih lheuëh nyan na jiwèh u pulo Elba ngön jigisa u Peurancih 100 uroë, lheuëh nyan talô lom lam prang Waterloo watèë meurumpok ngon pasukan Inggréh nyang jipimpin lé Jenderal Blucher. Talô disinan Napolèon nyang ka meunyeurah jiboh keudéh u pulo Saint Helena sampoë maté jih.

Referensi

Catatan meuyub

1. McLynn 1998, p.6
2. Asprey 2000, p.4
3. McLynn 1998, h.2
4. "Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-31. 
5. Cronin 1994, p.27
6. McLynn 1998, p.18
7. Asprey 2000, p.13
8. McLynn 1998, p.26

Dapeuta kitab

• Abbott, John (2005). Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4179-7063-4. 
• Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of All Things—The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-1675-X. 
• Alter, Peter (2006). T. C. W. Blanning and Hagen Schulze, ed. Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-726382-8. 
• Amini, Iradj (2000). Napoleon and Persia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-934211-58-2. 
• Archer, Christon I. (2002). World History of Warfare. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4423-1.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
• Astarita, Tommaso (2005). Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05864-6. 
• Balcombe Abell, Lucia Elizabeth (1845). Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon. J. Murray. OCLC 9123757. 
• Bell, David (2007). The First Total War. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-34965-0. 
• Bertman, Sandra (2002). "Execution of the Defenders of Madrid, 3 May 1808". New York University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 March 2021. Diakses tanggal 18 November 2008. 
• Blaufarb, Rafe (2007). Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents. Bedford. ISBN 0-312-43110-4. 
• Bordes, Philippe (2007). Jacques-Louis David. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-12346-9. 
• Boycott-Brown, Martin (2001). The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign. Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35305-1. 
• Chandler, David (1973). The Campaigns of Napoleon, Volume 1. 9780025236608. ISBN 0-02-523660-1. 
• Chandler, David (1995). The Campaigns of Napoleon. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-02-523660-1. 
• Chandler, David (2002). Napoleon. Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-750-3. 
• Chesney, Charles (2006). Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4286-4988-3. 
• Connelly, Owen (2006). Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-5318-3. 
• Cordingly, David (2004). The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-468-X. 
• Cronin, Vincent (1994). Napoleon. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-637521-9. 
• Cullen, William (2008). Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-363-2. 
• Driskel, Paul (1993). As Befits a Legend. Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-484-9. 
• Dunan, Marcel (1963). "Napoleon's height" (dalam bahasa French). La Fondation Napoléon. Diakses tanggal 11 January 2009. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
• Dwyer, Philip (2008). Napoleon:The Path to Power 1769–1799. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-6677-9. 
• Edwards, Catharine (1999). Roman Presences. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59197-X. 
• Flynn, George Q. (2001). Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-31912-X. 
• Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004). The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-831-6.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
• Fulghum, Neil (2007). "Death Mask of Napoleon". University of North Carolina. Diakses tanggal 4 August 2008. 
• Gates, David (2001). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81083-2. 
• Gates, David (2003). The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-0719-6. 
• Geyl, Pieter (1982) [1947]. Napoleon For and Against. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-452-00057-2. 
• Goetz, Robert (2005). 1805: Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-644-6. 
• Hall, Stephen (2006). Size Matters. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-47040-9. 
• Hanson, Victor Davis (2003). "The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of Napoleon: A Penguin Life". The Claremont Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 30 May 2008. 
• Harvey, Robert (2006). The War of Wars. Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84529-635-3. 
• Hindmarsh, J. Thomas (2008). "The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?". Clinical Chemistry. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 54 (12): 2092. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358. Diakses tanggal 10 October 2010.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
• Jackson, John (2004). Race, Racism, and Science. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-448-2. 
• Johnson, P. (2002). Napoleon: A life. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-03078-3. 
• Karsh, Inari (2001). Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00541-4. ^{[hubông luwa maté]}
• Kladstrup, Don (2005). Champagne: How the World's Most Glamorous Wine Triumphed Over War and Hard Times. William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-073792-1.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
• Lowndes, Marie Adelaide Belloc (1943). Where Love And Friendship Dwelt. Macmillan. OCLC 67554055. 
• Macaulay, Neill (1986). Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-0681-6. 
• Markham, Felix (1988). Napoleon. Mass Market Paperback. ISBN 0-451-62798-9. 
• McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6247-2. 
• O'Connor, J (2003). "The history of measurement". St Andrew's University. Diakses tanggal 18 July 2008.  Parameter |coauthors= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|author= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
• Outhwaite, William (2003). The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22164-6. 
• Poulos, Anthi (2000). "1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict". International Journal of Legal Information (edisi ke-vol 28). HeinOnline. 
• Ribbe, Claude (2007). Napoleon's Crimes: A Blueprint for Hitler. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-533-2. 
• Roberts, Andrew (2001). Napoleon and Wellington. Weidenfeld and Nicholson. ISBN 0-297-64607-9. 
• Roberts, Chris (2004). Heavy Words Lightly Thrown. Granta. ISBN 1-86207-765-7. 
• Scheck, Raffael (2008). Germany, 1871–1945: A Concise History. Berg. ISBN 1-84520-817-X. 
• Schom, Alan (1997). Napoleon Bonaparte. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-017214-5. 
• Schwarzfuchs, Simon (1979). Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin. Routledge. ISBN 0-19-710023-6. 
• Thomson, Kathleen (1969). "Balcombe, Alexander Beatson (1811–77)". Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Diakses tanggal 27 May 2008. 
• Wanniski, Jude (1998). The Way the World Works. Regnery Gateway. ISBN 0-89526-344-0. 
• Watson, William (2003). Tricolor and crescent. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97470-7. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2009. 
• Wells, David (1992). The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-011813-6. 
• Wilkins, William (1972) [1944]. Napoleon's Submarine. New English Library. ISBN 0-450-01028-7. 
• Wilson, J (2 August 1975). "Dr. Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon". British Medical Journal. 3 (vol.3): 293–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5978.293. PMC 1674241 . PMID 1097047.  Parameter |access-date= membutuhkan |url= (bantuan)
• Wood, Philip (2007). The Law and Practice of International Finance Series. Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN 1-84703-210-9. 
• Woodward, Chris (2005). "Napoleon's Last Journey". History Today. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 25 April 2008. Diakses tanggal 12 July 2008.  Parameter |month= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)

Catatan gaki

1. Napoleon geukheun Nabolione lam Bahsa Korsika.^[2]

Peunawôt luwa

• (Inggréh) Napoleon.org
• (Inggréh) NapoleonExhibit.com

Jabatan politék
Geupeudilèë lé: Louis XVII de facto	Raja Perancis 1804-1814	Geugantoë lé: Louis XVIII
Geupeudilèë lé: Louis XVIII	Raja Perancis 1815-1815	Geugantoë lé: Louis XVIII

Raja Peurancih
Hugues Capet 987-996	Robert II 996-1031	Henri I 1031-1060	Philippe I 1060-1108	Louis VI 1108-1137	Louis VII 1137-1180	Philippe II 1180-1223	Louis VIII 1223-1226	Louis IX 1226-1270
Philippe III 1270-1285	Philippe IV 1285-1314	Louis X 1314-1316	Jean I 1316-1316	Philippe V 1316-1322	Charles IV 1322-1328	Philippe VI 1328-1350	Jean II 1350-1364	Charles V 1364-1380
Charles VI 1380-1422	Charles VII 1422-1461	Louis XI 1461-1483	Charles VIII 1483-1498	Louis XII 1498-1515	François I 1515-1547	Henri II 1547-1559	François II 1559-1560	Charles IX 1560-1574
Henri III 1574-1589	Henri IV 1589-1610	Louis XIII 1610-1643	Louis XIV 1643-1715	Louis XV 1715-1774	Louis XVI 1774-1791	Louis XVII 1792-1795	Louis XVIII 1814-1815 1815-1824	Charles X 1824-1830
Louis XVI Raja Rakyat Peurancih 1791-1792 Napoléon I Kaisar Peurancih 1804-1814 Napoléon II Kaisar Peurancih 1815-1815 Louis-Philippe I Raja Rakyat Peurancih 1830-1848 Napoléon III Kaisar Peurancih 1852-1870
Kalon cit: Seujarah Peurancih - Kapetia - Valois - Bourbon