CRISPR

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CRISPR (geklusterde gereeld-geinterspasieerde kort palindromiese herhalings, in Engels:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is 'n familie van DNS-reekse wat in die genome van prokariotiese organismes soos bakterieë en archaea voorkom.^[1] Hierdie reekse is afgelei van DNS-fragmente van bakteriofage wat die prokarioot voorheen besmet het. Dit word gebruik om DNS van soortgelyke bakteriofage op te spoor en te vernietig tydens daaropvolgende infeksies. Daarom speel hierdie reekse 'n sleutelrol in die antivirale verdedigingstelsel van prokariote.^[1]

CRISPR-Cas

Die CRISPR-Cas-stelsel is 'n prokariotiese immuunstelsel wat weerstand bied aan vreemde genetiese elemente soos dié wat binne plasmiede (klein, ekstrachromosomale DNS-molekule binne 'n sel wat fisies van chromosomale DNS geskei is en onafhanklik kan kopieër) en bakteriofage ('n virus wat bakterieë en archaea besmet en binne hulle vermenigvuldig) voorkom^[2]^[3]^[4] en 'n vorm van verworwe immuniteit bied. RNS wat die korrekte gedeelte van nie-koderende nukleotiede of DNS bevat, help Cas-proteïene (in Engels "CRISPR-associated proteins", d.w.s. CRISPR-geassosieerde proteïene) om vreemde patogene se DNS te herken en te sny. Ander RNS-geleide Cas-proteïene sny vreemde RNS.^[5] CRISPR word aangetref in ongeveer 50% van die bakteriële genome en byna 90% van die archaea s'n.^[6].

Geenredigeering

Hierdie stelsels het CRISPR-geenredigeering geskep wat gewoonlik die cas9-geen gebruik.^[7] Die redigeringsproses het 'n wye verskeidenheid toepassings, waaronder basiese biologiese navorsing, ontwikkeling van biotegnologiese produkte en behandeling van siektes.^[8]^[9] Die CRISPR-Cas9-genoomredigeeringstegniek het 'n belangrike bydrae gelewer tot die toekenning van die Nobelprys vir Chemie in 2020 aan Emmanuelle Charpentier en Jennifer Doudna.^[10]^[11]

Probleme wat bakterieë veroorsaak vir Cas9

Die meeste archaea en bakterieë weier hardnekkig dat 'n Cas9-proteïen hul genoom kan wysig. Dit is omdat hulle vreemde DNS, wat hulle nie beïnvloed nie, in hul genoom kan heg. 'n Ander manier waarop hierdie selle Cas9 trotseer, is deur middel van 'n wysigingbeperkingstelsel (WBS). Wanneer 'n bakteriofaag in 'n bakterie of archaeasel binnedring word dit deur die WBS-stelsel geteiken. Die WBS-stelsel sny dan die bakteriofage se DNS in aparte stukke deur beperkingsensieme en gebruik endonuklease ('n tipe ensieme) om die DNS-dele verder te vernietig. Dit is 'n probleem vir Cas9-redigering omdat die WBS-stelsel ook die vreemde gene wat deur die Cas9-proses toegevoeg is teiken.^[12]

Verwysings

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Barrangou, R (2015). "The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond". Current Opinion in Immunology (in Engels). 32: 36–41. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.008. PMID 25574773.
↑ Redman, M (Augustus 2016). "What is CRISPR/Cas9?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition (in Engels). 101 (4): 213–215. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459. PMC 4975809. PMID 27059283. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)
↑ Barrangou, R (Maart 2007). "CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes". Science (in Engels). 315 (5819): 1709–1712. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1709B. doi:10.1126/science.1138140. hdl:20.500.11794/38902. PMID 17379808. S2CID 3888761. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)^{[Registrasie benodig]}
↑ Marraffini, LA; Sontheimer, E.J. (Desember 2008). "CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA". Science (in Engels). 322 (5909): 1843–1845. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1843M. doi:10.1126/science.1165771. PMC 2695655. PMID 19095942.
↑ Mohanraju, P (2016). "Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems" (PDF). Science (in Engels). 353 (6299): aad5147. doi:10.1126/science.aad5147. hdl:1721.1/113195. PMID 27493190. S2CID 11086282. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)
↑ Hille, F (Maart 2018). "The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward". Cell (in Engels). 172 (6): 1239–1259. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032. hdl:21.11116/0000-0003-FC0D-4. PMID 29522745. S2CID 3777503. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)
↑ Zhang, F (2014). "CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing: progress, implications and challenges". Human Molecular Genetics (in Engels). 23 (R1): R40–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu125. PMID 24651067. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)
↑ "CRISPR-Cas9, TALENs and ZFNs - the battle in gene editing". Proteintech Group (in Engels). Besoek op 15 Desember 2020.
↑ Hsu, PD coauthors=Lander, ES; Zhang, F (Junie 2014). "Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering". Cell (in Engels). 157 (6): 1262–1278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010. PMC 4343198. PMID 24906146.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)
↑ "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020" (in Engels). Nobel Foundation. Besoek op 15 Desember 2020.
↑ Wu, Katherine J.; Peltier, Elian (7 Oktober 2020). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision". The New York Times (in Engels). Besoek op 15 Desember 2020.
↑ Kusano, K (November 1995). "Restriction-modification systems as genomic parasites in competition for specific sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (in Engels). 92 (24): 11095–9. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9211095K. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.24.11095. PMC 40578. PMID 7479944. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[pmid25574773-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Barrangou, R (2015). "The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond". Current Opinion in Immunology (in Engels). 32: 36–41. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.008. PMID 25574773.

[Redman-2] Redman, M (Augustus 2016). "What is CRISPR/Cas9?". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Education and Practice Edition (in Engels). 101 (4): 213–215. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310459. PMC 4975809. PMID 27059283. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[pmid17379808-3] Barrangou, R (Maart 2007). "CRISPR provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes". Science (in Engels). 315 (5819): 1709–1712. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1709B. doi:10.1126/science.1138140. hdl:20.500.11794/38902. PMID 17379808. S2CID 3888761. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)^{[Registrasie benodig]}

[pmid19095942-4] Marraffini, LA; Sontheimer, E.J. (Desember 2008). "CRISPR interference limits horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci by targeting DNA". Science (in Engels). 322 (5909): 1843–1845. Bibcode:2008Sci...322.1843M. doi:10.1126/science.1165771. PMC 2695655. PMID 19095942.

[Mohanraju2016-5] Mohanraju, P (2016). "Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems" (PDF). Science (in Engels). 353 (6299): aad5147. doi:10.1126/science.aad5147. hdl:1721.1/113195. PMID 27493190. S2CID 11086282. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[Hille2018-6] Hille, F (Maart 2018). "The Biology of CRISPR-Cas: Backward and Forward". Cell (in Engels). 172 (6): 1239–1259. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032. hdl:21.11116/0000-0003-FC0D-4. PMID 29522745. S2CID 3777503. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[pmid24651067-7] Zhang, F (2014). "CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing: progress, implications and challenges". Human Molecular Genetics (in Engels). 23 (R1): R40–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu125. PMID 24651067. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)

[Type-8] "CRISPR-Cas9, TALENs and ZFNs - the battle in gene editing". Proteintech Group (in Engels). Besoek op 15 Desember 2020.

[Hsu2014-9] Hsu, PD coauthors=Lander, ES; Zhang, F (Junie 2014). "Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering". Cell (in Engels). 157 (6): 1262–1278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010. PMC 4343198. PMID 24906146.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (link)

[Press-10] "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020" (in Engels). Nobel Foundation. Besoek op 15 Desember 2020.

[NYT-20201007-11] Wu, Katherine J.; Peltier, Elian (7 Oktober 2020). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision". The New York Times (in Engels). Besoek op 15 Desember 2020.

[pmid7479944-12] Kusano, K (November 1995). "Restriction-modification systems as genomic parasites in competition for specific sequences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (in Engels). 92 (24): 11095–9. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9211095K. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.24.11095. PMC 40578. PMID 7479944. {{cite journal}}: Onbekende parameter |coauthors= geïgnoreer (hulp)

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