Argentina

Argentina（阿根廷）

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Flag of Argentina.svg
Fayfay no Argentina
Argentina orthogonal

Matakalay a sowal Pakayni'ay i Arcincin(阿根廷概論)

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O tada ngangan i, o Arkuncina Kapalongan, o i hekaray a ma’alaay a ngangan i, o Arkuncin. Ira ko 23 ko kasasiromaroma pikowan ato Poinoayris(布宜諾斯艾利斯) Niyapikowan a kapolongan a kitakit. Itiniay i satimolan no Satimolay Amirik(南美洲) ko kaitiraan, maaro’ay ko ’emin no sacidem no cikiw, i saka’amisan i, o Poliwoya (玻利維亞) ato Palakoy (巴拉圭), i kawanan no saka’amis o Poraciro, i sakawali i, o Urakoy (烏拉圭) ato Satimolan-Taysiyo, i saka’etip i, o Cili (智利) kofiyaw, misi’ayaway to Toriki a kihaw. O kakahad no pala i, 2,780,400 kiro, sakafalo no polong no kitakit i sekar, sakatosa i Latin-Amirika. O sa’alomanay ko tamdaw to pasowalay to Sipanya a sowal. O romi’ami’ad i, ma’eminay ko kasasiromaroma a romi’ad i tini. O teroc no cikiw, Fokolan-Kanatanatal (福克蘭群島) (o Mawinasu-Kanatanatal hananay no Arkuncina a pangangan 阿根廷稱馬爾維納斯群島), katimolay a Ciociya (南喬治亞島) ato Sanwici-Kanatanatal (南桑威奇群島), “o no niyam konini a pala” sanay.

Pakapunkaen i, tada talolongay ko piniri no Akuncin to Yoropa, nawhani, o misatokayay a lekakawa nangra matiya o no Yoropa ko pinangan.1 [1] Pakisyakay a ’orip, o kyoiku ato bunka, o patiyamay ato likec no kitakit tadatakalaway ko kafangcal. Nani tato’asan, o itelongay ko kacicedi no Akuncin, i polong a kitakit,2 [2] o tadatata’angay a kitakit, i satimolan Amirika.3 [3] O patirengay to Lenhoko, o kapolongan a kinko no kalokitakit, o kapolongan a pacakayay to maamaan i satimolan, malakapotay a kitakit no stimolan Amirika, o cecay no Karupi Kitakit ato masakapotay no Ipiriya a Saopo. Nano liteng o satata’angay a maomahay ko ’orip nona kitakit, o safa’elohay a malatata’ang a kitakit.[4] O kapot no 20 a satata’angay a kitakit a Saopo, i satimolan Amirika i, o sakatolo ko katata’ang no kicay. Nikawria, pakitinien i ’icel to picakay to maamaan i, i safa to mamang to saktakalaway a kitakit, mikapot to Cili ato Urakuy i Sakaceay Saopo no satimolan Amirika, matiya o satimolan no Yoropa ko katakalaw no ’orip. Nikawrira, ano ca acaay ka lecad ko nipili’etan caay ka matiya o no satimolan kitakit ko kasatiwtiw.

Ona palapalan i tini i, mahera ko no tadamatelangay a naikoran no to’as a tamdaw toya o fokeloh ho ko sapidemak to maaman, o mihecan nonini i, i ayaw no 260 ’ofad anoca 250 ’ofad ko katelang no miheca.[5] Toyanan sato satapang a micowatan ko Sipanya i 1522–miheca. Nani 1810 tahira 1925–miheca, malalood to Sipanya to sapi’alaaw to Niyah Pikowan, toyaan sato i 1816–miheca o kapolongan no Lapolata a ngangan ko sapalosyang to «Niyah Pikowan a sowal», aro’ han to no Akuncin a tamdaw koya mi’ecoan no Sipanya a sera, nikawrira, i ikor to a lalood to Porutokaro ato Sipanya masawad ko Ulakuy, Poliwya ato Peru. Nanoyanan sato, malalid ho ko lafawfaw no kitakit. I 1861–miheca malowid no Poinoayres ko Kapolongan Sifo, tidapi sato koya fafaloay a sakowan a malacecay sato to Arkuncin-Kapolongan-Kitakit.[6] O tamdaw no itiniay i, onao mafolaway nani Yoropa, kalakayakay han to no ikor a tamdaw masacofacofay. Tadakali’eki ko katenak no maamaan sa I 20seki tiring sato I sakapito a cihafayay a polong kitaki. Nikawrira, nani 1930miheca mafeleh no sofitay ko sifo awa sato ko kahaneknek no sici, matongal ho to kaawa no maamaan sano yanan sato a tatiih ko ’orip.[7]

Likisi(歷史)

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I 'ayaw ni Kolongpo a miheca(前哥倫布時代)

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I tiya ho i, katelangan fokefokelohan a mihecaheca(舊石器時代), i tatelongan fokefokelohan a mihecaheca(中石器時代) ato i fa’elohay fokefokelohan a mihecaheca i(新石器時代), iraay to i Akuncin ko naripa’an no tamdaw.[8] I ’ayaw no kapicowat no Yoropa a tamdaw tayni tona sera amiripa’, tona awaay ko tolas ko kakahad a sera, adhihay to nika tenak no kasasiromaroma a bunka, sisiren i tolo ko kasaikeiked:[9]

O sa’ayaway a mi’adopay ato mipitpitay to dafong no kinairaira no palapalaan a tamdaw. Caayay ho kapakapisanga’ to koreng, onini a tamdaw i, itiraay i tadasatimolan, o Saykonamoh ato Yakun a tamdaw.

Sakatosa i, o citanengay a mi’adopay ato mipitpitay to dafong no kinairaira no palapalaan a tamdaw. Ya i telongay ko aro’ Poayci, Kolanti ato i tokotokosay a tamdaw, ira ho i satimolan, ya Towici tamdaw, o ninian a tamtamdaw i, makowan no Akuncin ato Mapoci tamdaw.[10]

Yo sakatolo i, o citanengay to a misanga’ to kolong a tamdaw, i ka’ami’amis no sawalian a maro’ay Caruwa, Minowany, ato Kwalani a tamdaw, iraay to ko fonos nangra, miilohan ko pikamaomah, samisi ho a misaceay to aro’ ko ’orip ngara.[11] Yo itiraay i, ka’ami’amis no sa’etip a maro’ay, Tiyacita a tamdaw, i mimali’acay to ko bunka nangra. I ’ayaw no 1480–miheca, makowan no Inka Hongti; o Tokotono ato Komicinko a tamdaw i, i terongay no kitakit ko aro’ nangra, ya itiraay i sa’eti’etipan no taterongan a Warpi tamdaw, o mipakaenay to siri ko ’orip nangra, macara no Inka a tamdaw ko ’orip nangra.[12]

Argentina

Niyahpikowan ato lalood i Laloma'(獨立和內戰)

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O sakalima folad pifelih ato lalood to saka niyahpikowan, o laylay demak no Akuncin to pi’afas nani Sotok-Pikowan.[13][14][15] I tiya 1810–miheca, 5–folad 25–romi’ad, o satapangan a Kokumindaihyo (Kotadaihyo) ko mifalicay to Sisoros Sotok, ta mapatireng ko fa’elohay a Poinosayris sifo, o finawlan no Akuncin ko patirengay.[16] I tiya toya laloma’ay lalood malowid nangra koya mitokeray ci Kortowa.[17] I sawli , I fafa’eday Piru ato Palakuy a mitokeray malowid aca ko Sipanya, o ninian kasacecacecay a pala i, to ikor to i sa’ike’iked sato a malakitakit.[18]

O mifelihay a sofitay malikatosa a matatoker, ona tosa i, o cecay i, o mitekeday to sakowan a cefang, o roma i, o mipolongay to sakowan a cefang, o kalali’is nangra i, o kalotayal hananay i pitekaay no lalood to sapi’ala to niyahpikowan.[19] Tangasa to i 1813–miheca, toro’ hanto ci Kowasi･Antongni･To･Pisatas(格瓦西奧·安東尼奧·德·波薩達斯) malasakakaay a mikowanay tapang.[20] 1816–miheca pikaykian no Tokoman mipasadak to «Niyahpikowan Sowal», micamol ko Lapolata a sakowan to nini.[21] To ikor to cecay a miheca, matapi’ ni Mating･Mikor･Koaymiso(馬丁·米格爾·古埃梅斯) koya ci’icelay a midama to hongti. Ci Hosi･To･Sinmating(荷西·德·聖馬丁) o tapang no sofitay milakowit to Antis a lotolotokan a milood to, ta mapa’ading ningra ko niyahpikowa no Cili. Ikor to, o nikeridan ningra a sofitay matapi’ ho ningra ko i tiraay maro’ i Lima a sofitay no Sipanya, orasaka, pahapinang to niyahpikowan no Piru.[22] 1819–miheca Poinosayris sifo misanga’ to Mitekeday-Pikowan a kinpo, caka pina ko romi’ad mapalahedaw no Finawlan-Pikowan a cefang.[23]]

I 1820–miheca, malalood i Sipita ko Mitekeday-Pikowan cefang ato Finawlan-Pikowan a cefang. I 1826–miheca, Poinosayris miliyaw heca a misanga’ to roma a kinpo, matoro’ ci Pinatino･liwatawi a malacongtong. Nikawrira, o miliyasay to riyar a sakowan i caay pihay, sa mapalasawad ko kalacongton mapalasawad koya misanga’an a kinpo.[24] Orasak, malaliyaw heca ko lalood nona tosa a cefang. Ya ci’icelay a cefang i, tangsol sato a misanga’ a patireng to faelohay a Akuncin kitakit, o ’icel sato ko sapi’enec toya mico’a’angay a cefang, ci Foan･Manniw･Ti･Losas ko malakakeridan. Cingra to ko misatapangay to micowatay Intian a lalood tahira i raay, misakakahad to cikatingki no sera. Nikawrira, o siiked sanay ko pili’etan a mili’aca a demak i, mapaketer ko Ikilis ato Fulanso ato miliyasay to riyar a sakowan,[25] sa itira to a tatootoor sato ko pipala’efef no Fulaso ato kalacafay no Fulanso ato Ikilis a mipala’efef to Akuncin, awaaw sato ko pakayraan no Akuncin.[26]

Tahira sato i 1852–miheca, ira ho ko roma ikakaay ko ’icel a kakeridan no sofitay ci Fosato･Hosi･Ti･Orcisa felihen ningra ko ka’ayaway a congtong ta malacongton, to ikor misanga’ to kinpo i 1853–miheca, sa laheci sato ko katomireng no naifaloco’an ato nikapolongan a lekakawa no kitakit. Naoninian ko sakalahedaw no dafong no Poinosayris sifo, sa liyas sato to nikapolongan, tahira to i 1859-miheca ko kalalood ta malowad ko Poinosayris sifo.[27]

Ngangan no kitakit(現代國家的興起)

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Ngangan no Kitakit (國家名稱)

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Nona ngangan tona Akuncin sanay i, nani tiniay i sowal no Rating kohecalay ’ekim (Argentum), pakafit han to pasifafahiyan a ikor Argentina hananay to a mipangangan. Sa’ayaway a matilid i tatipelok i, pasafafaw ci Martín del Barco Centenera a mitilidan ’olic Arkuncin ato ya picowat to Raporata ’Alo, sa mahapinang nani tiniay i sowal no Sipanya Río de la Plata sanay a tilid, o imi no nini i, o “’Alo no Fodawan” sanay. Ira koya misasolapay to palapalaan, ci Foan･Tiyas･Tosoris ato kapot ningra o sa’ayaway miripa’ay tona sera, i tiya a paka’araw to cikadangay to fodawan a Carowa tamdaw, i tini a pakaso’elin iraay i fafaw nona ’alo ko adihayay a fodawan sanay a kitoh no mato’asay, haen hanto ita a pangangan kona kitakit to Arkucon sato ko piketon to pipangangan. Orasaka, ko tadapangangan to no tapang no Sipanya i, o Raporata Tatapangan Sakowan, yasato patireng to kitaki i, Raporata Kapolongan Sakowan (paisowal no Sipanya i: Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata), ano sanasanay ko pangangan i, i 18–seki matenakay to Arkuncin sanay a ngangan.

Pikowanan no Sipanya(西班牙殖民時代)

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I 1502–miheca, o citanengay to no riyar ci Yamiriko･Oysopoci(亞美利哥·韋斯普奇) ato kapot ningra ko sa’ayaway a miripa’ tona sera. O tada citaminaay a tamdaw no Sipanya ci Hoan･Tiyas･Tosris(胡安·迪亞斯·德索利斯) aci Saypasotian･Kapoto(塞巴斯蒂安·卡伯特) matatoor i 1516–miheca ato 1526–miheca a tahini tona pala.[28] Tahira to i 1536–miheca, ci Pitoro･Tomontosa(佩德羅·德門多薩) patireng to mamangay niyaro’ i Poinosayris(布宜諾斯艾利斯), aro’ sato initi. I ikor i, mafolaw no i tiniay a yuencimin, saka sawad sato a maro’ i tona niyaro’.[29]

O mangarefay a picowat a mikowan i, nani tiniay i Palakuy, Peru ato Cili.[30] Ci Forangsisuko･Toyaciroy patireng to Sanciyako-Toroyastoro a niyaro. I ikor to, madadoedo a patireng to niyaro’. I 1558–miheca, o Lontoriso, i 1561–miheca, o Montosa, i 1562–miheca, o Sinfoan, i 1565–miheca, o Sinmikoro-Tokoman,[31] i 1573–miheca ci Foan･To･Karoy patireng to Sinfoy, toya miheca ci Horonimo･Rois･Tokoforoyra a mipatirengay to Kortowa niyaro.[32] Tahira to i 1580–miheca, miliyaw a patireng ci Karoynasya to Poinosayris. To ikor to, nga’ mapatireng sato ko Sinroys a niyaro’ i 1596–miheca.[33]

Ano patapiri’en ato Porioya ato Peru, ci dafong to tada ’ekim ato kohecalay ’ekim, Akuncin i manikaway to hatiniay a tada dafong, saka caay ka i mata no Hongti no Sipanya. Onini koya caho ka patireng to hatatapangan a tokay no kitakit ko Poinosayris sanay i 1776–miheca, o pecih a sakowan no Peru koni a pala.[34]

I Poinosayris kinatosa a pakalowid to pilood no Ikiris i 1806–miheca ato 1807–miheca, na micomod ko mipalalay to faloco’ ato mili’etanay a harateng, sacifaloco’ to ko finawlan to pipacoli to Teked Sakowan sanay a sici, i tiya sato, milood ci Napolyon to Sipanya, o Akuncin ato polong mikowanan no Sipanya a niyaro’, misaharateng o nini ko matatodongay a romi’ad to sapisanga’aw to niya pikowan sanay a tata’angay demak.[35]

Sera (土地)

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Masakilac ko sera, o malo kakaomahen a sera 53.90%, malo no kilakilangan a sera 10.70%, malo no roma to a sera 35.40%.

Siyoto (首都)

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O Buenos Aires ko Siyoto.

Katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)

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Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i, saka 5-folad saka 25-romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i, ci Mauricio Macri, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 12–folad saka 10–romi’ad.

Pihapinangan a tilid(註腳)

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  1. ↑ Wood 1988, p. 18.
  2. ↑ Wood 1988, p. 18.; Solomon 1997, p. 3.
  3. ↑ Huntington 2000, p. 6.; Nierop 2001, p61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina." Lake 2009, p.55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p.283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." Malamud 2011, p.9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil’s main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil’s image as a regional leader." Boughton 2012, p.101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.
  4. ↑ The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index, Legatum Institute. 2010. "The country has a foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods… Argentina's economy appears stable, but confidence in financial institutions remains low.".
  5. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17.
  6. ↑ Levene 1948, vol. IV: "After the Viceroyalty became a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.".
  7. ↑ Becoming a serious country. Economist. 2004-06-03. Argentina is thus not a “developing country”. Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again. Traba 1985, pp. 15, 71.
  8. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17. Crow 1992, p. 128.
  9. ↑ Edwards 2008, p. 12.
  10. ↑ Edwards 2008, p. 12.Edwards, Todd L. Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2008. ISBN 978-1851099863.
  11. ↑ Edwards 2008, p. 12.Edwards, Todd L. Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2008. ISBN 978-1851099863.
  12. ↑ Edwards 2008, p. 12.Edwards, Todd L. Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2008. ISBN 978-1851099863.
  13. ↑ Levene 1948, p. 11, vol. IV. "Levene, Ricardo. Volume 4 (Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15). Historia del Derecho Argentino 4. Buenos Aires: Editorial G. Kraf. 1948.".
  14. ↑ Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–197. "Sánchez Viamonte, Carlos. Historia Institucional Argentina 2nd. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica. 1948.".
  15. ↑ Vanossi 1964, p. 11. "Vanossi, Jorge R. Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina. Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política 2. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma. 1964.".
  16. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 194ff. "Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.".
  17. ↑ Rock 1987, p. 81. "Rock, David. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. University of California Press. 1987." ISBN 978-0520061781.
  18. ↑ Rock 1987, pp. 82–83. "Rock, David. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. University of California Press. 1987." ISBN 978-0520061781.
  19. ↑ 2 Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003." ISBN 978-1403962546.
  20. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003." ISBN 978-1403962546.
  21. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003." ISBN 978-1403962546.
  22. ↑ Galasso 2011, pp. 349–353, vol. I. "Galasso, Norberto. Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II. Buenos Aires: Colihue. 2011." ISBN 978-9505634781.
  23. ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 41. Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403962546.
  24. ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 43. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403962546."
  25. ↑ Lewis 2003, p. 45. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403962546."
  26. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 46-47. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403962546."
  27. ↑ Lewis 2003, pp. 48-50. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. ISBN 978-1403962546."
  28. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17. Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.
  29. ↑ Crow 1992, pp. 129–132. Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.
  30. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 96–140, Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.
  31. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 353. "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2.
  32. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 134. "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2.
  33. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 353, "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2.
  34. ↑ Crow 1992, p. 347. "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2.
  35. ↑ Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 194ff. "Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971."