Liberia

Liberia（kuwaping a sowal: 賴比瑞亞）

Liberia nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris a sowal: Republic of Liberia), o sasowalen to Liberia (Inkiris a sowal: Liberia, tengilen i/laɪˈbɪəriə/), o tadasowal pangangan i Liberia nikapolongan kitakit, itiniay i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot mililisay to riyar a kitakit, ka’amis o Guinea, kaetip ka’amis o lion rock, kawali o Ivory Coast, kaetip katimol o Tasiyang a no congtong a nipatatekoan kitakit.

O finawlan no kitakit salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad tamdaw, o dadahal no sera 43,000 pinfang mile (11 ’ofad 1,369 pinfang kongli). O tadasowal no kitakit o Inkiris a sowal, nika oni kitakit ira ko 20 no kasasiroma a sowal no niyaro’ sowal, pahapinang o nia kitakit a finacadan ato kasairaira no ponka. O tadamaanay a maci ato sata’akay maci o Monrovia.

O Liberia nai 19 sician, o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika micokeray to pipatireng to kitakit, oni a sacefang minengneng to kohetingay tamdaw i Africa safaniyot ikaka to i Amilikaay ko nga;ay to pakonira ato kacemahadan no kitakit[4]. Nai 1822 miheca tangasa 1861 miheca o ma lalooday ko laloma’ay no kitakit itiya, ira ko 15,000 no tamdaw i milika to sakisyakay ato sarikec a mapenec a mifades ko sakapakonira ato pakoniraay kasofocan a kohetingay tamdaw[5] milinah tayra i Liberia a sa’etal, onini a maro’ay mihawikid to kaitiraay nangra i Amilika a ponka ato to’asan, mirara mala o Amilika – Liberia ko niyah[6][7].

O Liberia a kimpo ato fayfay mitodongay to no Amilika, o tadamaci o ACS a micokeray ato Amilika congtong ci James Monroe a ngangan ko panganganan. Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o Amilika tangasa i 1862 miheca 2 folad 5 romi’ad a mihayda. 1848 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad, nao masofocay i Norfolk si no Virginia kanatal o Africa teloc a Amilika cidafongay tamdaw ci Joseph Jenkins Roberts mipadang to Liberia to sapisiiked, nanoya misiiked ko Liberia itiya mala o sa’ayaway congtong, o ngangan no Liberia i Inkiris a sowal “pakonira” (liberty) ato “masedal” (liberated) sanay a sasowalen. I 20 sician, o Liberia ato Ethiopia i Africa safaniyot caayay kacingcing a misiikeday a kitakit.

O sa’ayaway no Africa safaniyot mihapiw to pisiikeday a nikapolongan kitakit ko Liberia, o samato’asay no Africa safaniyot aniniay a nikapolongan kitakit. I Africa safaniyot kacacefisan micingcing miimeray to solongoc a Africa safaniyot a kitakit. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, micokeray to Amilika a milood to Germany ko Liberia, nanoya pakalayap to picoker no Amilika a mipacefong to patireng to tatenaan no kitakit, mapadama ko Liberia a cemahad ato kasenengan no kasakitakit. O Liberia o nipatatekoan i kasakitakit, Linhoko ato Africa safaniyot kapolongan sakapot patirengan.

O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw malitemoh nangra ko caayay kasasinga’ay to yincumin no Liberia, mangalef oya ma’oripay mapateked ko i sekalay sa’etal a yincomin. Nicingcingan a sera malefo no sekalay kakeridan no Crewe finacadan ato Grebo finacadan a malipalaw. O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw mipalowad micekeroh to selal mipatireng to kiwkay ato pitilidan, mikiwiko to itiniay finawlang[8].

I sa’ayaw, o Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw masatadamanay a mimingay selal, mirepet to caayay ka salongan mirepetay to sakowan no sici; tangasa 1904 miheca o yincomin itini to no niyah a sera a malasawad ko sakacingangan no Liberia[8][9].

I 1980 miheca, ci William R Tolbert ko mikowanay to sici a o katalawan mifalic ko sofitay, ci Tolbert i kafalican no sici a mapatay, pahapinang o paherekan no Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw itini kitakit ko sakowan, nanoya o Liberia ira ko 20 mihecaan ko caayay ka cekal ko sici itiya. I nano finawlan palowad to kitakit wiyyinhuy 5 miheca ko no sofitay pikowan ato Liberia kitakit kapolongan kasarekad 5 miheca no finawlan sakowan, ikor ira ko laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood to saka 1 ato saka 2 i Liberia. O nia kalalood ci mapatayay to 25 ’ofad tamdaw (salongan 8% ko tamdaw) ato awaayay ko pinakayan a ’alomanay tamdaw, nanoya i laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood o sakasokedet no kicay no Liberia to 90%.

I 2003 mihecaan a kasasinga’ay a katateletelakan, o Liberia itiya to i 2005 miheca citodong to fa’elohay nikapolongan a singkiw, ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf toya singkiw maala malacongtong, ao misanga’ay to likisi a sa’ayaway fafahiyan congtong i Africa safaniyot kitakit. O pipatireng to parana’an no kitakit ato ona syakay sapatado masasisiwtoc ato 2013 – 2016 mihecaan a masangil no katalawan Ebola virus (salofong), tangasa i 2015 miheca, o kitakit ira ko 83% a tamdaw itiniay a macahiway a ’orip i kasakitakit[11].

Kacedengan romi’ad (節日)

Satadamaanay kacedengan no Liberia o sakicima tamdaw ato no Kristokiw a sacedeng.

Fa’elohay miheca (1 folad 1 romi’ad); patirengan to sofitay (2 folad 11 romi’ad); piasikan to tadam (3 folad saka 2 lipay saka 3 romi’ad); kasofocan ni Roberts congtong a romi’ad (3 folad 15 romi’ad); pitolonan romi’ad (4 folad saka 2 lipay saka 5 romi’ad); papolongan romi’ad (5 folad 14 romi’ad); pisiikedan romi’ad (7 folad 26 romi’ad); pafayfayan romi’ad no kitakit (8 folad 24 romi’ad); kansyasay (11 folad saka 1 lipay a saka 4); kasofocan ni Duberman congtong romi’ad (11 folad 29 romi’ad); Kristmas romi’ad (12 folad 25 romi’ad).

Likisi (歷史)

Nai 1462 mihecaan, madado’edo ko Portugal, Netherland, Inkiris, Fance tayni micingcing, o Europe tamdaw pangangan to itiniay “o damdam a lislis no riyar”, itini mifades a malali’aca to tamdaw. I 1821 miheca o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika i lilisay no riyar patireng to kohetingay tamdaw to “mafolaway sa’etal”. I 1822 miheca tangasa 19 sici 60 mihecaan, o patodong a maro’ay o pakalayap to pakoniraay a nifadesan, o salongan kohetingay tamdaw pacomod iAmilika, pasowal “Monrovia”, I 1824 mihecaan mafalic ko ngangan to Liberia, ikor pasayra to i sekal ko pilenak, i 1838 miheca mapatateko ko kasamafolaway sa’etal, mafalic ko pangangan “Liberia nipatatekoan a kitakit”. O Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o sa’ayaway misiikeday aniniay cisalongoc kitakit i Africa safaniyot. O ’ayaway picingcingan no Abyssinia hongti kitakit to Africa safaniyot a misiikeday a kitakit.

I 1878 mihecaan, o True Whig kasarekad midotoc cisakowan to 102 miheca, mi’efet to miliyangay a sarekad a demakan, o nia sarekad malao mihecaan a kasarekad lekakawa patireng to parariday mikowan to halafinay. I 1885 miheca, o Liberia mapidah i Inkiris, pakelac to ka’amisay no Mano ’alo a sera; i 1892 miheca, mapidah haca to France, mapakelac haca to dadahalay Maryland kafolawan sa’etal. Ikor kinapinapina pakelac to sera to Inkiris, France a tasaay kitakit. I 1908 mihecaan itiya, awaayay ho ko masongila’ay a kalangangan.

I 1944 miheca tangasa 1971 miheca, ci William Wakanarath Shadrach Tubman malacongtong to 27 miheca, nanoya pacakat to sakacingangan no yincumin Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, midakdak to kalacecayan no finacadan a telek, misa’icel palasawad to no Amilika kohetingay tamdaw ato no yincumin a kalalaedan. I 1971 miheca mapatay ci Duberman, ci William Richard Tolbert to ko midotocay malacongtong. I 1979 miheca, miliyangay mipalowad to sakarawraw, mapenec no hitay.

I 1980 miheca 4 folad, o nano Crane finacadan congtong a misarokoay kakeridan ci Samuel Canon Doe a 17 sofitay mipalowad mifelih, mafelih ato mapatay ci Tolbert, paherek sa ko halafinay no Amilika teloc Liberia tamdaw to picalap mikowan to kitakit, mala o sa’ayaway kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan no kitakit.

I 1984 miheca, o sakowan ni Doe pafelien ko finawlan mikowan, miliyaw malomaoc, patireng to kimpo. Tona miliyas ci Doe to kalahitay ningra i 1985 miheca maala malacongtong.

I1989 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad, Liberia o polong no kitakit maolahay to kitakit a sarekad i Ivory coast patireng to sakapot mamifelih to sifo a hitay, i ci Charles Taylor ko mikeriday milood to Liberia, polong no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood.

I 1990 miheca 7 folad, oya maolahay to kitakit a sarekad itira i Monrovia, malitosa a sasiiked, oya Liberia mangalef talahenot ko rarawraw no lalood. 8 folad, o Lekatep no Europe miocor to palarihadayay hitay micomod i Monrovia, masasiwtoc to ni Taylor a hitay. O kasakitakit a syakay to ko mipalali’ayay, mipaocor to taypiaw I Banjul ta’angay maci no Gambia a lomaoc, patireng to “polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo”. I 9 folad, marofo ci Doe, itiya makowang mapatay i lalan no Monrovia. 11 folad, ci Sawyer mapatireng a mala congtong no polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo, nika liyangen ni Taylor.

I 1991 mihrca 3 folad, o laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood no Liberia macowat to tayra i sakafiyaw a kitakit i Lion rock ato Guinea. I 1993 miheca 7 folad, o kacacofelan kalalood itira i Banning no Cotonou maci malaheci ko katatelek, patireng to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy satakaraway ’icel mikowan to kitakit. I 1994 miheca 5 folad, masakapot ko pacena’an sifo.

I 1995 miheca, nawhani kasacefang caay ka raheked ko palaisal to kacitodong, malaliyaw haca ko kalalood. 8 folad, masasiocor haca ko kasacefang itira i Abuja maci no Nigeria matatelek, o a enemay tamdaw kitakit ko wiyyinhuy mikotay to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy. 9 folad, militaw hace ko masakapot ko pacena’an sifo.

I 1996 miheca, misamawmaw ci Taylor mirepet to kakeridan misa’adaay a cefang, saka malaliyaw haca ko laloma'ay no kitakit a malalood, 8 folad, itini i no kasakitakit a syakay pipenec, o kasacefang miliyaw haca masasitelek, mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang.

7 miheca ko halafin no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood cimapatayay ira ko 15 ’ofad no tamdaw, 85 ’ofad no tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan, mamaledoay malasawad ko kicay no Liberia a kitakit.

I 1997 miheca 2 folad, kasacefang mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang mipatireng to kasarekad. 7 folad, misingkiw, maala ci Taylor malacongtong. O ’atekakay ko sapi’emet ni Taylor to kitakit, milaheci to sakarihaday no laloma' no kitakit, misatatas palowad to kicay.

Nikawrira, 1999 miheca, ka’amisay no Liberia masadak ko cecay mifelihay to sifo a hitay, katengilan ira ko picoker no Guinea safo, itiya malaliyaw haca to laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood. Tangasa i 2003 miheca, o nisa’etan no sifo a polong no sera ni Taylor toloay ira ko cecay (3/1), o Monrovia talahenotay i kalaloodan. O nano Nigeria a citodongay i kaetipay no Africa kitakit palekapotay miliyaw miocor to parihadayay a sofitay. 8 folad 11 romi’ad, ci Taylor mihapiw to pisawad, pasi micokeray to congtong ci Moses Bulla ko cacitodong to sakowan, itiya milaliw tayra i Nigeria. Talacowa kasakitakit a yimeng sacefang ao ka’anof ato lalood ko patodong to kaciraraw ni Taylor a mirepet, caay ka kahien no Nigeria pasadak. Sacisowal sa dengan o Liberia citodongay i rikec a sakowan ko pasadakay to sapipatayra a salongoc, caay ko mamakahi ko Nigeria ci Tayloran.

I 2003 miheca 10 folad 1 romi’ad, o Linhoko a miparihadayay a sofitay ko citodongay to Liberia, o pipalasawad to laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood a kasacefang a sakarari’ang. Tangasa anini, oya to 5500 tamdaw no Linhoko itiraay i Liberia kitakit. Talacowa o rarawraway a demak caay ka lasawad, nikawrira matayoay ko pipalasawad sakarari’ang a tayal.

I 2003 miheca 8 folad 18 romi’ad, ni Bra a sifo ato kasarekadan a cefang masasi tilid to telek “Accra rihaday kasasitelek”, itiya i 10 folad misakapot patireng to polong kitakit a linci sifo. Itiya mapatoro’ ci Charles Judd Bryant ko kakeridan linci a sifo, itira i 10 folad 14 romi’ad mihapiw patireng.

Mata’elif ko tosa miheca, i 2005 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad, i pikantok no Linhoko miliyaw to nikapolongan a singkiw. Sakacecay a pitopaan, ci George Weah ko ka’ayaway, nika caay pakalatosa, nikawrira i 11 folad 8 romi’ad miliyaw to sakatosa i, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pakalowiday a maalaay.

I 2006 miheca, mipatireng ko sifo to so’elinay ato malali’ayay wiyyinhuy, misapalita to nano demak no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood ato nikalalood no demak a raraw[12]. I 2011 miheca, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf congtong mihapiw i 7 folad 26 romi’ad o romi’ad pisiikedan no kitakit[13].

I 2011 miheca 10 folad, o parihadayay tamdaw ci Leymah Gbowee nawhani mikeriday to fafahiyan sakarihaday a onto i 2003 miheca paherek to saka tosa no Liberia a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood a mapakompay to Nobel peace prize[14].

I 2011 miheca 11 folad, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pado’edo a maala to congtong, pado’edo 6 miheca ko liyad[15].

I 2013 hiheca, oya Ebola virus (lifong) milesap i kaetipay no Africa, saka tosa miheca 3 folad micomod i Liberia, tangasa i 2016 miheca, ira ko 10,675 tamdaw madengaay, ira ko 4,809 tamdaw mapatayay. O i Monrovia tadamaci ira ko 7 tamdaw mapatayay.

I 2017 miheca misingkiw ko Liberia, ’ayaway wa’ayay mali, tadamaanay to i likisi a no Africa safaniyot mimaliay ci George Weah i 2018 miheca 1 folad 22 romi’ad mihapiw mapatireng to congtong[16][17], o saka sepat malakapahay no Africa safaniyot a Ci Weah misekongay to mapoheday, mifalicay to kicay, misekong to mafokilay to tilid ato sapipacakat to saka’orip a congtong ko patosokan a lekadan[20].congtong[18]. I pipatirengan pasowal sa 74 mihecaan sakinacecay no Liberia koni to mirocokay a pita’elifan a kasakapolongan[19].

O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區域)

O Liberia masasiiked to 15 ko kanatal, o nia kanatal malaisal polong ira ko 90 sa’etal, sahecien ko nian a kasasiiked no finacadan no niyaro’. o sahalafinay a likisi oya tosaay kanatal o Grand Bassa kanatal ato Montserrado kanatal, saheto nai 1839 mihecaan ’ayaw no pisiikedan no Liberia iraay to mapatireng. O Bapolu fa’elohay a kanatal, i 2001 mihecaan mapatireng. O Nimba o sadadahalay a sakowan, ira ko 11,551 pinfang kongli (4,460 pinfang inli), o Montserrado samimingay kanatal, ira ko 737.069 pinfang kongli (1,909.00 pinfang inli) [21]. O Montserrado kanatal o sa’alomanay tamdaw no kitakit, tangasa 2008 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw, polong ira ko 114 ’ofad 4806 ko tamdaw no finawlan[21].

Ona 15 a kanatal o congtong ko patoroday to mamikantok mikowan. O kimpo milongoc to kahacecay no kanatal ato kasaniyaro’ misingkiw to kasakakitaan, nika nawhan kalalood ato sakidafong payso a madahdah, o nia singkiw nai 1985 mihecaan caay sato pisngkiw[22].

Manga’ayay pi’enecen ko cicu no Liberia, mahapinang ko 15 a kanatal.

Saki nia cicu

O no kitakit a kasasiiked a sakowan malalenay to no niyaro’ ato si a kasasiiked a sakowan. Imatinib awaay ho i kimpo mapatodong ano eca mapolongay lekakawa ko sapidemak to sakiniyaro’ a sifo mapatireng ato sapipalasawadaw[23].

Sifo ato sici (政府與政治)

Milecaday to no Amilika a sifo ko Liberia sifo, midotoc “kimpo” a telek, o cecay mapolongay rikec a nikapolongan kitakit ato kakotakotay no kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit. Toloay ko malalenay no citodongay midemak no sifo: midemakay, o congtong ko mikeriday; mitelekay, o tosaay a kalomaocan faco mipatirengay citodongay a masakapot; mitefocay, satakaraway a hoying ato pina a safaay hoying masakapot. [milongoc to naicowaay]

O congtong citodong to tatapangan no sifo, kakeridan no kitakit ato todong kakeridan no sofitay no Liberia[25]. O roma a tayal no congtong halo mitelekay ano eca miliyang to nitelekan no kalomaocan, sapihepol, ato citodong miocor to cacitodong, rikec a tapang ato roma a komoying. O congtong ato micokeray to congtong malakapot, pakayni kinatosaay ko pitopa, a o satakaraway ko paya ko mamaala, 6 miheca ko rekad, sa’adihayay kina 2 rekad[25].

Mitelekay citodongay o fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan sakapot. O kararemay kalomaocan nao cecay ko kakeridan, ira ko 73 ko lomaocay, midotoc to polong no tamdaw nipalitaan i 15 a kanatal a tamdaw ko nipatodongan, kasa kanatal salongan 2 ko lomaocay[25]. Kasacecay no kararemay lomaocay a taypiaw o cecay kanatal nisingkiwan, nai polong no kitakit a singkiw wuyyinhuy nisiikedan, o kaitiraan a pisingkiw a ’etal a finawlan ko misingkiway, maala 6 miheca ko rekad. O fafa'eday kalomaocan nai kasacecay kanatal 2 ko fafa'eday lomaocay sakapot, polong ira ko 30 no fafa'eday lomaocay[25]. O fafa'eday lomaocay 9 miheca ko rekad, nao finawlan ko mitopaay adihayay no singkiw ko maalaay[25]. O micokeray to congtong citodong to kakeridan no fafa'eday lomaocay, ano awaay mikihatiya mikerid o linci a kakeridan ko citodongay.

O satakaraway rikecan citodongay o sakakaay hoying no Liberia, nao 5 ko sakapot, nai Liberia satadamanay mitefocay ko mikeriday. Laloma’an nao congtong ko mitoro’ay micomod i hoying, o fafa'eday lomaocay ko mihaydaay, tangasa 70 mihecaan ko rekad. O rikecan citodongay malaisal o mirakatay mililis a hoying ato sarocoday hoying, misimaw parihaday hoying ato parihadayay tapang[25]. O sakirikecan a faco nai Inkris, Amilika, France a salongan rikec ato kananaman rikec a macacamolan. O no kitakit a maliomahay sa’etal mileko to nanota’asan a pitefoc a faco, ano saasaan ko sifo a mihapiw to no cikawasay a satefoc a patelacay, nika maedef ko no cikawasay a satefoc[26].

Nai 1877 miheca tangasa 1980 miheca, o sifo nai True Whig sarekad ko mirepetay mikowan[27]. Anini, o Liberia polong no kitakit ira ko 20 ko kasarekad mitokiay, o nai tekedan ato finacadan a sakapotan[28]. Nikawarira o ’alomanay a sarekad a masasiroma ko ’icel no sakapot. I 2005 mihecaan a singkiw pahapinang to no kasarekad a congtong awaay ko kacitodong to nitelekan a ’alomanay a todong[28].

Sofitay (軍事)

O sofitay (AFL) no Liberia o sakaci’icel no kitaklit. O nia sofitay (AFL) nai 1908 mihecaan mapatireng, sacingangan sa o hadimalay to lilis no kitakt no Liberia, I 1956 miheca mafalic ko pangangan. Itini i likisi, o Liberia a hitay mapadamaay no Amilika to dafong ato sapinanam. I 1941 – 1989 mihecaan a romi’adan, o sapinanam padamso ko Amilika to pitengilan, saka 2 kalalood no hekal a sapilifet nao mapatodong to nipinanaman. I 2003 miheca 9 folad a Linhoko rihaday licikay saka 1509 haw mahayda to ikor, nano Lihoko a saocoran tahira i Liberia kitakit, to nai Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan ato Congko a parihadayay sofitay a misawkit to paterep no lalood, mipadang to Liberia kitakit a linci a sifo patireng to fa’elohay sofitay no Liberia[29].

O kacacofelan a demak (外交關係)

O nano mitanengay to rarawraw i saka 1 ato saka 2 a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood, o Liberia i 21 sici a lalomaan a sakacekal saka nga’ay no fiyaw kitakit ato i no Europe a kitakit misafa’eloh masasiwidang. Ato matiya romaroma no Africa safaniyot kitakit, citodong ko Congko to naikoran no lalood patireng a tayal[30]. I ’ayaw, o sakafiyaw a tosaay kitakit a Guinea ato Lion rock o nicokeran to nangra o Liberia a mifelihay a sakapot saan[31].

Sapidemak to rikec ato ciraraway (執法和犯罪)

O imeng no Liberia a kitakit o na no kitakit a imengan. Tangasa i 2007 miheca 10 folad, nai Montserrado kanatal (halo Monrovia) a 33 ko kaitiraan no imeng ira ko 844 ko malaimengay a tamdaw[32]. O nano kitakit a imengan i pitilidan a kakoyin i Paynesvillesi a minanam. O likisi a kapehed no malaimengay sakaserer no pipaso’elin no finawlan ato katadaeca no demak. Salaloma’an no sakarihaday maledeh ko tadaecaan, tongal sa to kalalood no laloma’ay no kitakit o laliyawen a patireng ko no finawlan a sofitay a sakapot, milifet to saki dademakay no finawlan[33].

I kasasiwtocan mihecaan no Liberia itiya, ma’alipay ato mi’odangan mararid. O Liberia a kitakit o sakakaay i hakal ko pi’odang to fafahiyan a miri’ang a kitakit. O nano ma’alipay a demak mararid masowal, makilatolo ira ko cecay (3/1) ko mitiniay a demak. Orasaka o fafahiyan mararid masamsam, ira ko 40% to nano kafana’an a tamdaw ko misamsamay a fainayan[34].

Itini i Liberia, o mararaway i rikec i malecaday ko no fainayan ato no fafahiyan a angilan[35][36]. I 2012 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad, o i fafa'eday kalomaocan mapolong mihayda mirikec, milalang to masasi angilay a raramod ao ciraraway ko pisetek[37].

Palapalaan (地理)

No Liberia a lawac no riyar ira ko 537 kongli ko kakaya’. O nano fa’edetay fali ko romi’ad[38], salongan no mihecaan a hemhem solongan 25˚C.

Kaitiraan no Liberia i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot, ngataay saka’amis no tenokay sakonis, kaetip katimol mililisay to Tasiyang, ato katimolay Amilika safaniyot a Brazil milaeday to Tasiyang kasasilaay ira ko 2575 kongli. Kaetip ka’amis ato masasiingiday to Lion Rock, ka’amis mikafit to Guinea, kawali masasilaed to Ivory Coast; polong no kitakit a dadahal ira ko 111369 pinfang kongli.

’Etal no Palaan (地理區)

Malitoloay ko pala no Liberia masaisal a o mililisay to riyar, takaraway dafdaf ato takaraway sera a sa’etal[39].

Mililisay to riyar ’etal (沿海區)

O kaetip katimol mililisay to riyar a sa’etal saheto o apeneray sera a dafdaf, to hatiniay o makirkiray no leno kerah no nanom no riyar, kadofah ko foting to kairaira, dengan toloay a sangoso’an o nga’ayay ko lilis no riyar. Saka cecay a sangoso’an no riyar masalotok, takaraw salongan 304 cm; saka tosa o Mysolado sangoso’, takaraw salongan 91.5 cm; saka tolo o Balmas sangoso’ no Maryland kanatal, o takaraw salongan 30.5 cm.

Takaraway dafdaf ’etal (高原區)

I aikoray no lilisay no riyar a sa’etal o takaraway dafdaf ’etal a rengosan, salongan ko takaraw ira ko 915.5cm. kaetip ka’amis o Mandingo takaraway dafdaf, tangasa i salawacan.

Takaraway sera a sa’etal (高地區)

O takaraway sera a sa’etal i saka’amisay no Liberia mikiting to no Guinea ato Ivory Coast a sa’etal, poeneray a lotolotok caay kalalen, o takaraway 1524 cm.

Nanoman rocok (水系)

’Alo (河流)

I laloma’ no Liberia a tada ’alo ira ko Mansa ’alo, Roffa ’alo, sao paulo ’alo, Saint John ’alo ato Gavala ’alo; toni a Mansa ’alo o no Liberia ato Lion Rock a kalingangan a ’alo, o Gavala ’alo o Liberia ato Ivory Coast kalingangan a ’alo. Laloma’ay no kitakt a mimingay ’alo ira ko Morrow ’alo, Dukvi ’alo, Strong ’alo, Farmington ’alo, Sankun ’alo ato Xinao ’alo, awaay ko cecay ’aloan iraay ko ikakaay no 32 kongli ko sakanga’ay a rakaten, polong no ’alo saheto micomoday i Tasiyang.

Fanawan (湖泊)

I laloma’ no kitakit ira ko tata’angay fanaw o itiniay i Mount Ohmi kanatal a Fisherman (Mifotingay) fanaw, ano eca Picasso (Pakaenay) fanaw han ko sowal; ira ho ko cecay tata’akay fanaw i Maryland Kanatal a Shepherd fanaw.

Palapalaan (島嶼)

I laloma’an no kitakit ira ko tadamaanay a pala o Monte Sarando niyaro’ sakowan a God (Kawas pala) ato Bushillo pala, ato sasifo’an a kanatal a Dubilly pala ato i laloma’ay no Maryland sakowan a Die (patay) pala.

Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候)

O mingataay to sasifo’ay sakonis ko Liberia a sera; talacowa o fa’edetay ko romi’ad, nika awaay ko no fa’edetay mararid ira ko ciherang ato micepa’ay ato caayay ka nga’ay ko someletay a romi’ad. Safa’edetay folad i saka 2 folad ato 3 folad, o hemhem tangasa 32.2˚C (W 90˚). Sasi’enaway a folad i 8 folad ato 9 flad, o romi’ad a falawfaw matefad 18.3˚C (W 65˚).

O lilis no riyar a sa’etal nawhani no riyar a seriw a fali, pasaemelay to tamdaw; sasekalay ira ko dadaya si’enaw tangasa cikarapoyay ko lotok. O kaso’emetan romi’ad o cifaliay ato macidalay romi’ad, kafo’edasan ira ko katefad no karapoy, orasaa caay ka sapinangan. Nika to mihecaan i 11 folad tangas aroma miheca to saka 4 folad o kafo’edasan romi’ad, 5 folad tangasa 10 folad o so’emetay romi’ad. I 7 folad ano eca 8 folad ira ko mato’etoay 2 lipay a tadengalay romi’ad, o sasowalen “kafo’edasan romi’ad”. Laloma’an no kitakit awaay ko kafodo’an, lonen ato faliyos.

Kicay (經濟)

O maomahay kitakit ko Liberia, pihapiw no Linhoko o masararemay ko kacemahad a kitakit i hekal. Polongen ko maomahay tamdaw ira ko 70%, manga’ayay maomahen a sera no kitakit ira ko 380 ’ofad kofo, tahamatini caay ho katangasa i 15% ko kacemahad, cango’otay kokakaenen. O tamdaw no kitakit a GDP i 1980 miheca tangasaay i tingeroh, i 496 Amilika payso, itiya milicad to Icip tamdaw ko GDP (itiya eca)[42]. I 2011 miheca, oni kitakit GDP a ngangan ira ko 11.54 walwalan Amilika payso, o GDP no tamdaw ira ko 297 Amilika payso, o saka 3 a masararemay kitakit i hekal. I likisi, o kicay no Liberia o miti’eray to roma kitakit a sadama, pamo’ecel sa ko roma kitakit mipacefong ato sakinaira no paraparatan a pasadak, tinako o marar a fokeloh, cica’ a kilang ato kilang. Paraparatang a cica’. Sasakilangen ato marar a tafok a kinaira o sacoker to kicay no finawlan, saheto o nipasadakan, o sakaira no kinaira to micomoday a payso. O misang'ay to lalosidan caay ka kimeto, dengan caayay ka papina a mimingay misanga’ay to lalosidan no romi’adan. 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca 8 folad a laloma'ay no kitakit a kalalood, naitiya ma’epi ko kicay.

I 2000 miheca, misitapang ko Liberia midemak to no kasakitakit paysoan a kiking masakapot sapikantok a halaka, o sakafalicaw to sakipaysoan a dademaken, milaheci to pakoniyah a kalaliacaan, pifalic to no komoing a lakakawa ato pafalic to kalingadan no kitakit. Toya mihecaan, mihayda to ko kalomaocan to no fadawan a rikec, sakifodawan a pisolap ato pikarkar citodong to sapawacay a lakakawa. I 2001 miheca 5 folad, mimitonek ko Liberia a sifo to 2001 – 2010 mihecaan a sakadademak, patosokan o sapilaheci to hakairaira no kicay, mapacakat ko ’aca ni kinaira, misadadahal to pakoniyahay kicay. I 2003 miheca 10 folad, polong no kitakit citodong koya pacarcaran sifo, misi’icel palowad to kicay, micekal to ’aca, nanoya masasiiked ko kasaselal a milosimet no kasierod no icifa, malaheci masongila’ ko pilisata a lekakawa, misarocod mipatireng to “pipacefong a rikec”, pasadak to fa’elohay kanga’ayan a lekakawa, misa’icel militado to kasakinaira a nga’ayay misolot to nai papotalay mamipacefong.

I 2003 miheca a Liberia tangasa i 85% ko awaayay katayalan.

Likisi no kicay (經濟史)

I 1979 mihecaan kacakatan itiya, nikawrira i 1980 miheca mafafalic ko mikowanay sifo saka eca ka nga’ay ko kicay, nanoya o kicay no Liberia masatapang marara matefad[43]. I 1979 miheca malengat ko laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood saranikay sato tararikor; I 1989 miheca tangasa 1995 mihecaan, o laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat maserer 90%, o aniniay likisi saranikayay tararikod[43]. 2003 miheca paherek ko lalood, o GDP misitapang macakat, i 2007 miheca tangasa 9.4%[44]. Polong no cikiw a pakapaysoay a katalawan saka i 2009 mihecaan a laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat tangasa 4.6%[44], nikawrira, saki cica’ a kilang ato kilang nipasadakan a mapalowad, o maomahay citodongay lomahad i 2010 miheca macakat i 5.1%, I 2011 miheca pa’ayaw to 7.3%, o nia kitakit a kicay ranikay lomahad tangasa i hekalan 20 a kitakit[45][46].

Tahamatini misaetay to sakalomahad no kicay o nai laloma’ay no kitakit a icifa mimingay, cango’ot to ma;edengay parana’an, o sapicolo’ takaraw, caay ka fangcal ko kalali’acaan to sakifiyaw a kitakit, ato o kicay mapatakaraw to no Amilika a payso[45]. O Liberia nai 1943 miheca tangasa 1982 miheca oyaan o Amilika payso ko sakafafalifalic, midemak to no Liberia payso ato Amilika payso ko pidemak[47].

I 2003 miheca kacakatan no dafong misitapang a maserer, i 2008 miheca nawhani o hekalan a kakaenen ato cikatalawan to kinairaira, ranikay macakat ko kalodafong[48], tangasa i 17.5%, itiya i 2009 miheca miserer tangasa 7.4%[44]. I 2006 miheca, o Liberia a papotalay tadah alatak ira ko 45 walwalan Amilika payso, macalap to ko no lalomaay no kitakit a kinaira to 800%[43]. Nawhani i 2007 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan a kasairaan, adihayay kasairaan ato kalali’acaan a tadah mapalasawaday, o nia kitakit a tadah i papotal tangasa I 2011 miheca maserer tangasa 2.229 walwalan Amilika payso[49].

Maomahay (農業)

O no Liberia laloma’an 3.43% a sera manga’ayay kaliomahen[50]. Manga’ay ko kalokilakilang pinaloma. Manga’ayay maomahen oya mililisay to lawac no riyar to 564 kongli a nga’ayay sera. O nipalomaan a kinaira o felac, cica’ a kilang, kaisyafa, kohi, tefos, pawli, keke, kalaha’ay simal, kalaha’ay falo, ’Ariray, panay, kodasing, talacay, nimon, mami’ ato kalodatengan. Tadamaanay a nipalomaan o ica’ a kilang. O pipaloma to panay, i saetalay a finawlan o nipipalomaan o nipacarcaran ko paloma, todohan nangra ko demedematan, paloma to saka cecay, saka tosa, tona awaay to ko tayhi no sera, malinah to tayra roma a pala a maomah. Caay paka’aca awaay ko pi’acaan to tayhi sapakoyasi, caay ka fangcal ko pilitod awaay ko sapipalasawad to fao ato ’ayam pikari’ang, orasaka o citodongay cango’ot to kinaira.

O lotolotokan ira ko 30336 pinfang kongli, matahepoay no kilakilang salongan 31.5%[51]. O kilakilangan adihay ko kasasiroma, ira 235 ko kasasiroma[52], kilangan halo kahemaway matoni’ay kilang tangasa ’atekakay kilang kilang, kilangan a kasacifolatak masasiroma. Polong no kasakilangan, ira ko 21 kasasiromaan sapisanga’ to lalosidan, ira ko 21 kasasiroma a nga’ayay sanga’en ko sakadademak, hook ato satafo, ira ko 20 kasasiroma sapipatireng to loma’ lalosidan, ira ko 16 kasasiroma manga’ay sakadademak a kawil, ira ko 20 manga’ayay sapisanga’ to dadokap (kami); lalomaan no kitakit a kilakilangan midotoc sapikinaira ko pidemak. Aniniay lalan calay misadadahal to kilangan to pasakilangan, saki Liberia a sifo itini i faloco’an a saetal ko sapicowat to kinaira no kilangan ko satata’akay pisahalaka. Patongal to Monrovia pakoniyah a minato a pipatireng, saka nga’ay no kilang patayra i roma kitakit.

Pakaenay to ’a’adopen (畜牧業)

O Pakaenay to ’a’adopen, o paka’enay to ’ayam ato fafoy. Orasaka laloma’an no kitakit ira ko mangta’ay titi, ’ayam ato fitaol caay ka cango’oten, roma mapatala roma kitakit. Nawhani laloma’an o fa’edetay kilakilangan, orasaka o ’aadopen adihay, ko malonem, takolil, fafoy no lotok, ’aya’ayam, wani, ’alimedas, ta’akay lotong ato lotong, malo kinaira a kakaenen no tamdaw. O fanges no fafoy no lotok ato fanges no ’alimedas, fanges no wani ato wa’a no malonem, sarahoday han ko pilosimet manga’ay to pa’acaen.

Misafotingay (漁業)

Misafotingay o kimetoay, foting i lomama’ no Liberia a tamdaw o koemeday samanga’ayay sakinaira a protein kadofahay kakaenen. I ngataay no sekal a riyar adihay ko foting, marocok ko patodong to kangalayan no icifo. No kafesa’ay nanom a pisafoting misarocod a mipatenak, miledaf ko fanaw i polong no kitakit.

Fodawan (礦業)

I Liberia adihay ko masimeday a fodawan itini, ira ko marar, ^ekim, oteng, antang, ferric niobium, tungsten, manganese, diamond(adicacaw fokeloh), graphite, magnet, tadamarar tafok ato Mica. Nikawrira saheto o caayay ka cowat, dengan o marar, ^ekim ato diamond ko mikorkoran. Itiniay a marar a tafok o nga’ayay.

Misang'ay to lalosidan (工業)

Laloma’ay no kitakit dengan o mimingay a misanga’ay to lalosidan, o misanga’an ira ko mikarkaray to fodawan, misatingkiay, cica’ a kilang, tayhi, kilang, marar, misasimal, tenooy, sariko’ay, amoto, ’emi, teking, lingka, safon, misadadokap, misatangso, kakaenen, safalakoay, misamadaray, misanga’ay to kikay, misanga’ay to tosiya, misataminaay, sapisebged ato lalosidan a kaysya.

Kasakitakit a kalali’aca (國際貿易)

Pasadakan kali’aca (出口貿易)

Saki pasadakay kali’acaan, Liberia i 2006 miheca pasadakan a ira 11.97 walwalan Amilika payso[53], o nipasadakan ira ko cica’ kilang, marar tafok, kohi, kilang, fodawan, afinong simal, afinaong heci, afinong canot, titi ato nisanga’an, dafongan pasadakan tangasa i Into, Amilika, Poland, Germany ato Belgium[54].

Micomoday kali’aca (進口貿易)

O Liberia i 2006 miheca micomoday ira ko 71.43 walwalan Amilika payso[55], o nipacomodan ira simal, kakay, sapicolo’ sakadademak ato sakatayal, ratoh calay, isingan sakatayal, sapiiyo, sapisanga’ to dafong, tayhi, tenooy, kalosakadademak, sadadingoay, tingce. Tingkian, sasalamaen, pisafangod a lalosidan, epah tamako ato nananomen. Kalodafong nai Korea, Singapore, Taywan, Dipon, Congko nipacomodan[56].

Tamdaw (人口)

Midotoc i 2022 mihecaan Amilika tenokan sakarong nisa’osian, o Liberia a finawlan ira 5,358,483 tamdaw[25], itini ira ko 30% maro’ay i Monrovia a maci.

Polong no finawlan malaisal mafolaway tayni ato itiniay a finawlan, o finawlan 95%. O finacadan ira Keppel, Barcelona, Dan, Crewe, Grebo, Mano, Loma, Gora, Mandingo, Bell ato 19 sician nai Amilika safaniyot mafolaway a kohetingay tamdaw teloc. O Keppel satata’angay finacadan i polong no kitakit, micalap to 20%[57]. Nai Amilika ato kaetipay Into palapalaan a Amilika teloc a Liberia tamdaw, ato nai Congo ato Caribbean sa’etal a Congo tamdaw, micalap to 2.5% to finawlan[58]. Ikoray tosa nai 19 sici o mi’emetay to sici no Liberia.

O Inkiris a sowal ko sakasowal no Liberia ato sakasasowal[59]. Itini i Liberia ira ko 31 a sowal no finacadan, nikawrira o mipasowalay to no ina a sowal caay ka’aloman[60]. O Liberia a Inkiris sowal (no Creole a Inkiris a sowal) malifongay.

Midotoc to i 2008 mihecaan polong no pipalita, o Liberia 85.5% tamdaw ko mitooray to Kristokiw, roma i 12.2% o Muslim[61]. Itiniay a to’asan pakayraan dengan 0.5%, roma ira ko 1.5% mitokian to awaayay ko pakayraan.

Ono Liberia a kimpo a matelek o finawlan ira ko pakoniyah a pitooran, o sifo mingodo to finawlan to nia salongoc. Talacowa o kimpo a matelek i Liberia malasiyasay to pakayraan ato sician a kitakit, nikawrira o Liberia o Kristokiw a kitakit[62]. Ono kitakit a pitilidan padamso to Fangcalay Cudad a nananamen, orasaka sarikec a matelak mi’efec to pa’aliwacan ano eca no Kristokiw a kacedengan romi’ad a kalali’acaan a demak.

Kiwiko (教育)

I 2010 mihecaan a Liberia o mapohaway to tilid 60.8% (fainayan 64.8%, fafahiyan 56.8%)[63], o roma a sa’etal a mimingay pitilidan ato tenokan pitilidan caay ka ci’aca a kiwiko[64], nikawrira ira ko roma a ’etal mangalay pasadak to sapitilid a payso itiya manga’ay to mimingay pitilidan ato tenokay pitilidan.

Salongan kahacecay a ka’emangay i Liberia a kiwiko o 10 miheca (fainayan 11 miheca, fafahiyan 8 miheca) [63], o nia kitakit sapasifana’ ato malasingsiay o cango’otay[65].

Ono Liberia takaraway kiwiko citodangay ira ko no kitakit ira ko no tekedan. O no kitakit a Liberia daykako o nano kitakit satata’akay mato’asay a daykako, itiniay i Monrovia[66], i 1862 mihecaan mapatireng. Anini ira ko 6 a kakoying, halo 1 a ising kakoying ato polong dengan a sarikec kakoying Louis Arthur Greens rikec kakoying[67]. I 2009 mihecaan, no i Harper a Tubman daykako o saka 2 no kitakit a daykako[68]. O Keddington daykako o nano Amilika Anglican Church nipatirengan i 1889 mihecaan, o samato’asay no tekedan daykako. Nai 2006 mihecaan, o sifo itira i Buchanan, Sanikole, Voinjama mipatirengay to syako kakoying[69][70][71].

Nawhani i 2018 mihecaan 10 folad miliyang ko mitiliday, fa’elohay maalaay congtong ci George M Weah mipalasawad to no kitakit a daykako mitiliday a sapitilid a payso[72].

Tekadan daykako (私立大學)

O Cartington daykako i 1889 mihecaan nai Amilika Anglican Church i state kanatal a Suakoko patireng, malo saki yincumin a finawlan patenakay kiwiko a tayal. O samatelangay no Amilika tekedan daykako.

O Stella Maris Polytechnic, o cecay tekedan takaraway kiwiko citodongay. Oni pitilidan mapatireng nai 1988 miheca, o nano Monrovia a Loma tingsokiw tata’angay citodongay a nidemakan. Pitilidan itiraay i kalomaocan a lotok, ira ko 2,000 ko tamdaw no mitiliday[73].

Kaetipay Kristo ansokonic (Seventh-day Adventist Church) daykako, itiniay i Magibi kanatal a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw[74].

O United Methodist Church daykako a cecay itiniay i kaetipay Africa Liberia a tekedan Kristokiw daykako, itiniay tamdaw sowal sa UMU. Tangasa i 2016 mihecaan, ira ko 9,118 tamdaw a mitiliday. O nia citodongay mapatireng i 1998 mihecaan[75].

Kakolalan no picolo’an (交通運輸)

O tadamaci ira ko kalocalay a lalan matatongod i polong no kitakit kasatata’angay kadademakan citodongay ’etal. Kawali a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw o satata’angay i Africa safaniyot a hikokiciw. O Liberia a pakariyaray a picolo’an cingangan i hekal, i tadamaci ira ko 20 a kasakitakit noriyaray picolo’ marariday ko rakat ato kasatongodan malacalay, i Monrovia minato o kaetipay Africa sa’etal satata’akay aniniay a minato, o dadahal no minato ira ko 300 kofo, mihecaan a pi’enoc 1000 ’ofad ton.

Marar lalan (鐵路)

Polong no kitakit dengan 2 ko marar a lalan, o kakaya’ ira ko 490 kongli[76], to nia 145 kongli o ki’ecoay a marar lalan. Saheto o midemakay mi’ot’otay to fodawan a kosi, o sapicolo’ to marar fodawan, laloma’ay kalaloodan mapeleng makari’ang itiya, ta anini caay to karomakat.

Lalan (公路)

I Liberia a lalan o kakaya’ ira 10600 kongli[77], o nian masaromi’aday a lalan 2036 kongli, mapatangiiway lalan ira ko 739 kongli. Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood tadamaan ko kakari’ang.

Nanom a picolo’ (水運)

O Liberia i olong no cikiw a pakariyaray picolo’ ira ko tadamaanay a todong, o Liberia caay ka pina ko tamina nira, nikawrira nai Liberia ka’emeday ko sapitoki a payso, malosaka tadamaan no Liberia i hekal a kacingangan no tamina (Flag of convenience) a pitokian a kitakit, nai Amilikaay a “Liberian International Ship & Corporate Registry” (decdec a tilid LISCR) taypiaw to Liberia nikapolongan kitakit sifo riyaran citodongay paini to kakingangan no tamina a nipitokian a demak.

I 2008 miheca ira ko 2204 tamina mipakafitay to fayfay no kitakit[78], o sa’adihayay o Amilika ato Greece a kosi a tamina, o sapisakahemaw to sata. Saki Liberia kitakit a tamina saheto o mimingay, eca ka papina, nai 1961 mihecaan i, misitapang ira ko patelekan romi’ad to mirarakatay tamina ato France a malalifetay to efa ato Congo kohetingay wa’a minato a karomakat.

Laloma’an no kitakit ira ko Monrovia pakoniyah minato, Geville minato, Harbor minato, Buchanan minato ato Roberts minato, no mihecaan a nicolo’an a dafong ira 20 ’ofad ton.

Kakarayan nicolo’ay (空運)

I 2009 miheca laloma’ay kitakit ira ko 33 a hikokiciw[79], itini ira ko 2 tata;akay hikokiciw, tadamaci ato kasa kanatal sifo ira ko pafesotay a hikoki. Itini i tadamaanay maci a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw nao Africa satata’akay hikokiciw, i 1990 miheca mapeleng i laloma’ay no kitakit a kalaloodan, I 1997 miheca 12 folad miliyaw mapatireng. Ta anini ira ko Brussels hilkoki kosi, Ghana hikoki kosi ko midemakay to nian.

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75. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –marar lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-03）.

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Itini i 6 30 N, 9 30 W, noAfilika ko Liberia. Polong no sekalay i 111,369 sq km “saka 104 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 96,320 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,049 sq km ” Polong i 4,299,944 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 28.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 44.60%, malo no roma to a sera 27.30%.

siyoto(首都) O Monrovia(蒙羅維亞) ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 26 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf(艾倫·強森·瑟利夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 a romi’ad.

Pi’arawan to lakaw