شبه فلز

أشباه الفلزات (الأصل الإغريقي للكلمة يعنى شبيه الفلز) مثل الفلزات واللافلزات هي إحدى السلاسل الكيميائية، وتتميز بخصائص معينة من ناحية التأين والترابط. تتميز أشباه الفلزات بخصائص متوسطة بين الفلزات واللا فلزات، ولا توجد طريقة محددة للتفريق بين أشباه الفلزات والفلزات الحقيقية، ولكنها عمومًا تكون شبه موصلة أكثر من كونها عازلة.

تقع أشباه الفلزات في الجدول الدوري على هيئة خط مائل من البورون إلى البولونيوم وتكون العناصر الموجودة في أعلى يسار الخط هي الفلزات، بينما تقع العناصر الموجودة أسفل يمين الخط ضمن اللافلزات.

لا تقتصر أشباه الفلزات فقط على هذه العناصر ولكنها توجد أيضًا في السبائك والمركبات.

التعريفات

[عدل]

التعريف القائم على الحكم

[عدل]

المادة الفوقية هي عنصر له خصائص في الوسط، أو خليط من المعادن واللافلزات، والتي يصعب تصنيفها إما كمعدن أو مادة غير معدنية. يعتمد هذا التعريف عام على الصفات الفاصلة التي يتم الاستشهاد بها باستمرار في المؤلفات العلمية.[n 1] تُعتبر صعوبة التصنيف سمة رئيسية في تلك الموادّ. تحتوي معظم العناصر على مزيج من الخواص المعدنية وغير المعدنية،[7] ويمكن تصنيفها وفقًا لمجموعة الخصائص التي تكون أكثر وضوحًا.[7][n 2] تفتقر العناصر الموجودة في الهوامش أو بالقرب منها إلى غموض واضح بدرجة كافية لتحديد خصائصها المعدنية أو غير المعدنية، وتُصنف على أنها أشباه فلزات.[7]

يتم التعرف على البورون والسيليكون والجرمانيوم والزرنيخ والإثمد والتيلوريوم بشكل شائع كأشباه فلزات.[11][n 3] يُضاف في بعض الأحيان واحدٌ أو أكثر من السيلنيوم أو البولونيوم أو الأستاتين إلى القائمة باختلاف العالم المؤلف للمرجع العلمي.[11] قد يُستبعد البورون في بعض الأحيان بمفرده في أو يُستبعد معه السيليكون.[13] لا يُعتبر التيلوريوم ضمن قائمة أشباه الفلزات في بعض الأحيان أيضًا.[11] كما تم التشكيك في إدراج الأنتيمون، والبولونيوم، والأستاتين ضمن أشباه الفلزانالميتالويدات.[7]

يتم تصنيف العناصر الأخرى في بعض الأحيان على أنها أشباه فلزات. تشمل هذه العناصر[14] الهيدروجين،[11] والبريليوم،[7] والنيتروجين،[7] والفسفور،[11] والكبريت،[11] والزنك،[7] والغاليوم،[7] والقصدير، واليود،[13] والرصاص،[7] والبزموت، والرادون.[11] كما يُستخدم مصطلح أشباه الفلزات للعناصر التي تُظهر بريق معدني وموصلية كهربائية، وهي العناصر المترددة، مثل الزرنيخ والأنتيمون والفاناديوم والكروم والموليبدنوم والتنغستن والقصدير والرصاص والألمنيوم.[13] تُعتبر الفلزات بعد الانتقالية (مثل الكربون أو النيتروجين) التي يمكن أن تشكل سبائك بالمعادن[7] أو تُعدّل خصائصها[7] في بعض الأحيان كأنواع من أشباه الفلزات.

التعريف القائم على المعايير

[عدل]

لا يوجد تعريف مقبول على نطاق واسع لأشباه الفلزات، ولا يوجد أي تقسيم للجدول الدوري إلى المعادن والفلزات واللافلزات؛[13] تساءل هوكس[7] عن جدوى وضع تعريف محدد، مشيرًا إلى أنه يمكن العثور على حالات شاذة في عدة محاولات. ووصفت شارب[7] تصنيف عنصر على أنه شيء «تعسفي».

تعتمد خصائص أشباه الفلزات على معايير التصنيف المستخدمة.[7] اعترف ايمسلي بأربعة أنواع من أشباه الفلزات (الجرمانيوم والزرنيخ والأنتيمون والتيلوريوم)، وصنّف جيمس وآخرون[7] اثنا عشر عنصرًا (الأربعة الذين اعترف بهم ايمسلي بالإضافة إلى البورون، والكربون، والسيليكون، والسيلينيوم، والبزموت، والبولونيوم، والموسكوفيوم والليفرموريوم. يتم تضمين سبعة عناصر في المتوسط ضمن هذه القوائم؛ كما تميل ترتيبات التصنيف الفردية إلى مشاركة أرضية مشتركة وتختلف في الهوامش غير المحددة.[15][n 4][n 5]

يشيع استخدام معيار كمي واحد مثل الكهرسلبية،[7] تتمتع أشباه الفلزات بقيم كهرومغناطيسية تتراوح من 1.8 أو 1.9 إلى 2.2.[13] تشمل الأمثلة الأخرى كفاءة التعبئة (جزء الحجم في البنية البلورية التي تشغلها الذرات) ومعيار نسبة جولدهامر-هيرتسفيلد.[7] تحتوي أشباه الفلزات المعروفة بشكل عام على كفاءة التعبئة تتراوح بين 34٪ و 41٪.[n 6] وتساوي نسبة جولدهامر-هرتسفيلد تقريبًا مكعب نصف القطر الذري مقسومًا على الحجم المولي،اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح <ref> والإغلاق </ref> وتُعتبر مقياس بسيط لكيفية وجود عنصر معدني، وتتمتع أشباه الفلزات الُمعترف بها وجود نسب من حوالي 0.85 إلى 1.1 ومتوسط 1.0.[7]اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح <ref> والإغلاق </ref> اعتمد المؤلفون الآخرون عل معايير أخرى مثل السلوك الذري[n 7] أو العدد التناسقي.[25]

كتب جونز عن دور التصنيف في العلوم، ولاحظ أن «(التصانيف) عادةً ما يتم تحديدها بأكثر من سمتين».[7] استخدم ماسترتون وسولينسكي[26] ثلاثة معايير لوصف العناصر الستة المعترف بها بشكل شائع كأشباه للفلزات: فأشباه الفلزات لها طاقات تأين تساوي حوالي 200 كيلوكالوري / مول (837 كيلوجول / مول) وقيم تيار كهربية قريبة من 2.0. كما قالوا أن أشباه الفلزات تُعتبر أشباه موصلات بشكل نموذجي، على الرغم من أن الأنتيمون والزرنيخ (شبه الجسيم من منظور فيزياء) لهما توصيلات كهربائية تقترب من المعادن. ويُعتقد في أن السلينيوم والبولونيوم لا يندرجا في هذا التصنيف، في حين تظل حالة الأستاتين غير مؤكدة.[n 8]

الاستخدامات الشائعة

[عدل]

تكون أشباه الفلزات هشة للغاية بحيث لا توجد استخدامات هيكلية لها في أشكالها النقية.[13] وتستخدم هذه المركبات ومكوناتها كمكونات للسبائك، والعوامل البيولوجية (المٌبيدة والغذائية والطبية)، والمُحفزات، ومثبطات اللهب، والنظارات، ووسائط التخزين البصرية والإلكترونيات البصرية، والألعاب النارية، وأشباه الموصلات والإلكترونيات.[n 9]

السبائك

[عدل]
Several dozen metallic pellets, reddish-brown. They have a highly polished appearance, as if they had a cellophane coating.
عندما تمتزج سبائك النحاس والجرمانيوم، بنسب على الأرجح تٌفارب 84 ٪ النحاس و16 ٪ جرمانيوم [13] بالفضة، تكون النتيجة نشوء الفضة الإسترليني المقاومة للتأكل.

لاحظ عالم المعادن البريطاني سيسيل ديش في كتابة في وقت مبكر من تاريخ المركبات بين الفلزية، أن «بعض العناصر غير المعدنية قادرة على تشكيل مركبات ذات طبيعة معدنية مميزة بالمعادن، وبالتالي قد تدخل هذه العناصر في تكوين السبائك». ارتبط السيليكون والزرنيخ والتيلوريوم، على وجه الخصوص، مع العناصر المكونة للسبيكة.[7] اقترح فيليبس وويليامز[7] أن مركبات السيليكون والجرمانيوم والزرنيخ والأنتيمون مع الفلزات بعد الانتقالية «من المحتمل أن تصنف على أنها سبائك».

ومن بين المركبات الفلزّية الخفيفة، تكون السبائك التي تحتوي على فلزات انتقالية ممثلة تمثيلاً جيدًا. يمكن أن يشكل البورون مركبات السبائك وسبائك مع هذه المعادن، إذا كانت n> 2.[7] يستخدم الفيروبورن (المُحتوي على 15 ٪ من البورون) لإدخال البورون إلى سبائك الصلب؛ وتدخل سبائك النيكل والبورون في مكونات سبائك اللحام وتركيبات الصناعات الهندسية. تستخدم سبائك السيليكون مع الحديد والألومنيوم على نطاق واسع في صناعات الصلب والسيارات، على التوالي. كما يشكل الجرمانيوم العديد من السبائك، وتُعتبر سبائكه مع عناصر المجموعة الحادية عشرة الأكثر أهمية.[7]

تستخدم أشباه الفلزات الأثقل في صُنع السبائك أيضًا. يمكن للزرنيخ أن يشكل سبائك مع المعادن، بما في ذلك البلاتين والنحاس؛[7] كما يُضاف إلى النحاس وسبائكه لتحسين مقاومة التآكل[7] ويبدو أنه يمنح نفس الفائدة عند إضافته إلى الماغنيسيوم.[7] يشتهر الإثمد بأنه سبيكة ممتازة في الصناعات، بما في ذلك مع معادن العملات. وتشتمل سبائكه على البيوتر (بيوتر) (وهي سبيكة من القصدير مع ما يصل إلى 20٪ من الإثمد) ونوع معدني (سبيكة رصاص بها ما يصل إلى 25٪ من الإثمد).[7] يُشكل التيلوريوم بسهولة سبائك مع الحديد، مثل سبائك القيروتيليريوم (تحتوي على 50-58 ٪ التيلوريوم)، والنحاس، في شكل سبائك التيلوريوم النحاس (تحتوي على 40-50 ٪ التيلوريوم).[7] يستخدم الفيروتيليريوم كمثبت للكربون في صب الصلب.[7] من العناصر غير المعدنية التي غالبًا ما يتم التعرف عليها غالبًا على أنها من مركبات أشباه الفلزات، يُستخدم السيلينيوم في شكل الفيروزيلنيوم (50-58٪ من السيلينيوم) - لتحسين قابلية استخدام الصلب المقاوم للصدأ.[13]

انظر أيضًا

[عدل]

ملاحظات

[عدل]
  1. ^ Definitions and extracts by different authors, illustrating aspects of the generic definition, follow:
    • "In chemistry a metalloid is an element with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals."[1]
    • "Between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table we find elements ... [that] share some of the characteristic properties of both the metals and nonmetals, making it difficult to place them in either of these two main categories"[2]
    • "Chemists sometimes use the name metalloid ... for these elements which are difficult to classify one way or the other."[3]
    • "Because the traits distinguishing metals and nonmetals are qualitative in nature, some elements do not fall unambiguously in either category. These elements ... are called metalloids ..."[4]
    More broadly, metalloids have been referred to as:
    • "elements that ... are somewhat of a cross between metals and nonmetals";[5] or
    • "weird in-between elements".[6]
  2. ^ ذهب, for example, has mixed properties but is still recognised as "king of metals". Besides metallic behaviour (such as high electrical conductivity, and أيون formation), gold shows nonmetallic behaviour: on halogen character, see also Belpassi et al.,[9] who conclude that in the aurides MAu (M = Li–Cs) gold "behaves as a halogen, intermediate between Br and I"; on aurophilicity, see also Schmidbaur and Schier.[10]
  3. ^ Mann et al.[12] refer to these elements as "the recognized metalloids".
  4. ^ Jones[16] writes: "Though classification is an essential feature in all branches of science, there are always hard cases at the boundaries. Indeed, the boundary of a class is rarely sharp."
  5. ^ The lack of a standard division of the elements into metals, metalloids and nonmetals is not necessarily an issue. There is more or less, a continuous progression from the metallic to the nonmetallic. Potentially, a specified subset of this continuum can serve its particular purpose as well as any other.[17]
  6. ^ The packing efficiency of boron is 38%; silicon and germanium 34; arsenic 38.5; antimony 41; and tellurium 36.4.[18] These values are lower than in most metals (80% of which have a packing efficiency of at least 68%),[19] but higher than those of elements usually classified as nonmetals. (Gallium is unusual, for a metal, in having a packing efficiency of just 39%.[20] Other notable values for metals are 42.9 for bismuth[21] and 58.5 for liquid mercury.[22]) Packing efficiencies for nonmetals are: graphite 17%,[23] sulfur 19.2,[24] iodine 23.9,[24] selenium 24.2,[24] and black phosphorus 28.5.[21]
  7. ^ Atomic conductance is the electrical conductivity of one mole of a substance. It is equal to electrical conductivity divided by molar volume.[3]
  8. ^ Selenium has an ionization energy (IE) of 225 kcal/mol (941 kJ/mol) and is sometimes described as a semiconductor. It has a relatively high 2.55 electronegativity (EN). Polonium has an IE of 194 kcal/mol (812 kJ/mol) and a 2.0 EN, but has a metallic band structure.[27] Astatine has an IE of 215 kJ/mol (899 kJ/mol) and an EN of 2.2.[28] Its electronic band structure is not known with any certainty.
  9. ^ Olmsted and Williams[29] commented that, "Until quite recently, chemical interest in the metalloids consisted mainly of isolated curiosities, such as the poisonous nature of arsenic and the mildly therapeutic value of borax. With the development of metalloid semiconductors, however, these elements have become among the most intensely studied".

مراجع

[عدل]
  1. ^ Cusack 1987, p. 360
  2. ^ Kelter, Mosher & Scott 2009, p. 268
  3. ^ ا ب Hill & Holman 2000, p. 41
  4. ^ King 1979, p. 13
  5. ^ Moore 2011, p. 81
  6. ^ Gray 2010
  7. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح ط ي يا يب يج يد يه يو يز يح يط ك كا كب كج كد كه كو كز كح كط شبه فلز
  8. ^ Wiberg 2001, p. 1279 "نسخة مؤرشفة". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2020-05-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-07-20.{{استشهاد ويب}}: صيانة الاستشهاد: BOT: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^ Belpassi et al. 2006, pp. 4543–4
  10. ^ Schmidbaur & Schier 2008, pp. 1931–51
  11. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز شبه فلز; شبه فلز; شبه فلز
  12. ^ Mann et al. 2000, p. 2783
  13. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح شبه فلز; شبه فلز
  14. ^ شبه فلز. Dunstan lists Be, Al, Ge (maybe), As, Se (maybe), Sn, Sb, Te, Pb, Bi, and Po as metalloids (pp. 310, 323, 409, 419).
  15. ^ شبه فلز "The boundary between metals and metalloids is indefinite ..."; شبه فلز: "Although the elements are conveniently described as metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, the transitions are not exact ..."
  16. ^ Jones 2010, p. 170
  17. ^ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 218–220
  18. ^ Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1؛ Russell & Lee 2005, p. 7 (Si, Ge); Pearson 1972, p. 264 (As, Sb, Te; also black P)
  19. ^ Russell & Lee 2005, p. 1
  20. ^ Russell & Lee 2005, pp. 6–7, 387
  21. ^ ا ب Pearson 1972, p. 264
  22. ^ Okajima & Shomoji 1972, p. 258
  23. ^ Kitaĭgorodskiĭ 1961, p. 108
  24. ^ ا ب ج Neuburger 1936
  25. ^ شبه فلز: "One criterion for distinguishing semi-metals from true metals under normal conditions is that the عدد تناسقي of the former is never greater than eight, while for metals it is usually twelve (or more, if for the body-centred cubic structure one counts next-nearest neighbours as well)."
  26. ^ شبه فلز list B, Si, Ge, As, Sb and Te as metalloids, and comment that Po and At are ordinarily classified as metalloids but add that this is arbitrary as so little is known about them.
  27. ^ Kraig, Roundy & Cohen 2004, p. 412؛ Alloul 2010, p. 83
  28. ^ Vernon 2013, pp. 1704
  29. ^ Olmsted & Williams 1997, p. 975

فهرس

[عدل]
  • Addison WE 1964, The Allotropy of the Elements, Oldbourne Press, London
  • Addison CC & Sowerby DB 1972, Main Group Elements: Groups V and VI, Butterworths, London, (ردمك 0-8391-1005-7)
  • Adler D 1969, 'Half-way Elements: The Technology of Metalloids', book review, Technology Review, vol. 72, no. 1, Oct/Nov, pp. 18–19, ISSN 0040-1692
  • Ahmed MAK, Fjellvåg H & Kjekshus A 2000, 'Synthesis, Structure and Thermal Stability of Tellurium Oxides and Oxide Sulfate Formed from Reactions in Refluxing Sulfuric Acid', Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 24, pp. 4542–9, دُوِي:10.1039/B005688J
  • Ahmeda E & Rucka M 2011, 'Homo- and heteroatomic polycations of groups 15 and 16. Recent advances in synthesis and isolation using room temperature ionic liquids', Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 255, nos 23–24, pp. 2892–2903, دُوِي:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.06.011
  • Allen DS & Ordway RJ 1968, Physical Science, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey, (ردمك 978-0-442-00290-9)
  • Allen PB & Broughton JQ 1987, 'Electrical Conductivity and Electronic Properties of Liquid Silicon', Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 91, no. 19, pp. 4964–70, دُوِي:10.1021/j100303a015
  • Alloul H 2010, Introduction to the Physics of Electrons in Solids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (ردمك 3-642-13564-1)
  • Anderson JB, Rapposch MH, Anderson CP & Kostiner E 1980, 'Crystal Structure Refinement of Basic Tellurium Nitrate: A Reformulation as (Te2O4H)+(NO3)−', Monatshefte für Chemie/ Chemical Monthly, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 789–96, دُوِي:10.1007/BF00899243
  • Antman KH 2001, 'Introduction: The History of Arsenic Trioxide in Cancer Therapy', The Oncologist, vol. 6, suppl. 2, pp. 1–2, دُوِي:10.1634/theoncologist.6-suppl_2-1
  • Apseloff G 1999, 'Therapeutic Uses of Gallium Nitrate: Past, Present, and Future', American Journal of Therapeutics, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 327–39, ISSN 1536-3686
  • Arlman EJ 1939, 'The Complex Compounds P(OH)4.ClO4 and Se(OH)3.ClO4', Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 871–4, ISSN 0165-0513
  • Askeland DR, Phulé PP & Wright JW 2011, The Science and Engineering of Materials, 6th ed., Cengage Learning, Stamford, CT, (ردمك 0-495-66802-8)
  • Asmussen J & Reinhard DK 2002, Diamond Films Handbook, Marcel Dekker, New York, (ردمك 0-8247-9577-6)
  • Atkins P, Overton T, Rourke J, Weller M & Armstrong F 2006, Shriver & Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, (ردمك 0-7167-4878-9)
  • Atkins P, Overton T, Rourke J, Weller M & Armstrong F 2010, Shriver & Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, (ردمك 1-4292-1820-7)
  • Austen K 2012, 'A Factory for Elements that Barely Exist', New Scientist, 21 Apr, p. 12
  • Ba LA, Döring M, Jamier V & Jacob C 2010, 'Tellurium: an Element with Great Biological Potency and Potential', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 8, pp. 4203–16, دُوِي:10.1039/C0OB00086H
  • Bagnall KW 1957, Chemistry of the Rare Radioelements: Polonium-actinium, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London
  • Bagnall KW 1966, The Chemistry of Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam
  • Bagnall KW 1990, 'Compounds of Polonium', in KC Buschbeck & C Keller (eds), Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, 8th ed., Po Polonium, Supplement vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 285–340, (ردمك 3-540-93616-5)
  • Bailar JC, Moeller T & Kleinberg J 1965, University Chemistry, DC Heath, Boston
  • Bailar JC & Trotman-Dickenson AF 1973, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 4, Pergamon, Oxford
  • Bailar JC, Moeller T, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Castellion ME & Metz C 1989, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, (ردمك 0-15-506456-8)
  • Barfuß H, Böhnlein G, Freunek P, Hofmann R, Hohenstein H, Kreische W, Niedrig H and Reimer A 1981, 'The Electric Quadrupole Interaction of 111Cd in Arsenic Metal and in the System Sb1–xInx and Sb1–xCdx', Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 10, nos 1–4, pp. 967–72, دُوِي:10.1007/BF01022038
  • Barnett EdB & Wilson CL 1959, Inorganic Chemistry: A Text-book for Advanced Students, 2nd ed., Longmans, London
  • Barrett J 2003, Inorganic Chemistry in Aqueous Solution, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-85404-471-X)
  • Barsanov GP & Ginzburg AI 1974, 'Mineral', in AM Prokhorov (ed.), Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., vol. 16, Macmillan, New York, pp. 329–32
  • Bassett LG, Bunce SC, Carter AE, Clark HM & Hollinger HB 1966, Principles of Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
  • Batsanov SS 1971, 'Quantitative Characteristics of Bond Metallicity in Crystals', Journal of Structural Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 809–13, دُوِي:10.1007/BF00743349
  • Baudis U & Fichte R 2012, 'Boron and Boron Alloys', in F Ullmann (ed.), Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. 6, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 205–17, دُوِي:10.1002/14356007.a04_281
  • Becker WM, Johnson VA & Nussbaum 1971, 'The Physical Properties of Tellurium', in WC Cooper (ed.), Tellurium, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
  • Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Sgamellotti A & Quiney HM 2006, 'The Electronic Structure of Alkali Aurides. A Four-Component Dirac−Kohn−Sham study', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 110, no. 13, April 6, pp. 4543–54, دُوِي:10.1021/jp054938w
  • Berger LI 1997, Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 0-8493-8912-7)
  • Bettelheim F, Brown WH, Campbell MK & Farrell SO 2010, Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 9th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, (ردمك 0-495-39112-3)
  • Bianco E, Butler S, Jiang S, Restrepo OD, Windl W & Goldberger JE 2013, 'Stability and Exfoliation of Germanane: A Germanium Graphane Analogue,' ACS Nano, March 19 (web), دُوِي:10.1021/nn4009406
  • Bodner GM & Pardue HL 1993, Chemistry, An Experimental Science, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-59386-9)
  • Bogoroditskii NP & Pasynkov VV 1967, Radio and Electronic Materials, Iliffe Books, London
  • Bomgardner MM 2013, 'Thin-Film Solar Firms Revamp To Stay In The Game', Chemical & Engineering News, vol. 91, no. 20, pp. 20–1, ISSN 0009-2347
  • Bond GC 2005, Metal-Catalysed Reactions of Hydrocarbons, Springer, New York, (ردمك 0-387-24141-8)
  • Booth VH & Bloom ML 1972, Physical Science: A Study of Matter and Energy, Macmillan, New York
  • Borst KE 1982, 'Characteristic Properties of Metallic Crystals', Journal of Educational Modules for Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 457–92, ISSN 0197-3940
  • Boyer RD, Li J, Ogata S & Yip S 2004, 'Analysis of Shear Deformations in Al and Cu: Empirical Potentials Versus Density Functional Theory', Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1017–29, دُوِي:10.1088/0965-0393/12/5/017
  • Bradbury GM, McGill MV, Smith HR & Baker PS 1957, Chemistry and You, Lyons and Carnahan, Chicago
  • Bradley D 2014, Resistance is Low: New Quantum Effect, spectroscopyNOW, viewed 15 December 2014-12-15
  • Brescia F, Arents J, Meislich H & Turk A 1980, Fundamentals of Chemistry, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, (ردمك 0-12-132392-7)
  • Brown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for Engineering Students, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont California, (ردمك 0-495-01718-3)
  • Brown WP c. 2007 'The Properties of Semi-Metals or Metalloids,' Doc Brown's Chemistry: Introduction to the Periodic Table, viewed 8 February 2013
  • Brown TL, LeMay HE, Bursten BE, Murphy CJ, Woodward P 2009, Chemistry: The Central Science, 11th ed., Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, (ردمك 978-0-13-235848-4)
  • Brownlee RB, Fuller RW, Hancock WJ, Sohon MD & Whitsit JE 1943, Elements of Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, Boston
  • Brownlee RB, Fuller RT, Whitsit JE Hancock WJ & Sohon MD 1950, Elements of Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, Boston
  • Bucat RB (ed.) 1983, Elements of Chemistry: Earth, Air, Fire & Water, vol. 1, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, (ردمك 0-85847-113-2)
  • Büchel KH (ed.) 1983, Chemistry of Pesticides, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-05682-0)
  • Büchel KH, Moretto H-H, Woditsch P 2003, Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH, (ردمك 3-527-29849-5)
  • Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG & Morrell DS 2011, 'Treatment of Tinea Versicolor', in HI Maibach & F Gorouhi (eds), Evidence Based Dermatology, 2nd ed., People's Medical Publishing House-USA, Shelton, CT, pp. 365–72, (ردمك 978-1-60795-039-4)
  • Burrows A, Holman J, Parsons A, Pilling G & Price G 2009, Chemistry3: Introducing Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-927789-3)
  • Butterman WC & Carlin JF 2004, Mineral Commodity Profiles: Antimony, US Geological Survey
  • Butterman WC & Jorgenson JD 2005, Mineral Commodity Profiles: Germanium, US Geological Survey
  • Calderazzo F, Ercoli R & Natta G 1968, 'Metal Carbonyls: Preparation, Structure, and Properties', in I Wender & P Pino (eds), Organic Syntheses via Metal Carbonyls: Volume 1, Interscience Publishers, New York, pp. 1–272
  • Carapella SC 1968a, 'Arsenic' in CA Hampel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 29–32
  • Carapella SC 1968, 'Antimony' in CA Hampel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 22–5
  • Carlin JF 2011, Minerals Year Book: Antimony, United States Geological Survey
  • Carmalt CJ & Norman NC 1998, 'Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth: Some General Properties and Aspects of Periodicity', in NC Norman (ed.), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, pp. 1–38, (ردمك 0-7514-0389-X)
  • Carter CB & Norton MG 2013, Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., Springer Science+Business Media, New York, (ردمك 978-1-4614-3523-5)
  • Cegielski C 1998, Yearbook of Science and the Future, Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, (ردمك 0-85229-657-6)
  • Chalmers B 1959, Physical Metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Champion J, Alliot C, Renault E, Mokili BM, Chérel M, Galland N & Montavon G 2010, 'Astatine Standard Redox Potentials and Speciation in Acidic Medium', The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 576–82, دُوِي:10.1021/jp9077008
  • Chang R 2002, Chemistry, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston, (ردمك 0-07-246533-6)
  • Chao MS & Stenger VA 1964, 'Some Physical Properties of Highly Purified Bromine', Talanta, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 271–81, دُوِي:10.1016/0039-9140(64)80036-9
  • Charlier J-C, Gonze X, Michenaud J-P 1994, First-principles Study of the Stacking Effect on the Electronic Properties of Graphite(s), Carbon, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 289–99, دُوِي:10.1016/0008-6223(94)90192-9
  • Chatt J 1951, 'Metal and Metalloid Compounds of the Alkyl Radicals', in EH Rodd (ed.), Chemistry of Carbon Compounds: A Modern Comprehensive Treatise, vol. 1, part A, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 417–58
  • Chedd G 1969, Half-Way Elements: The Technology of Metalloids, Doubleday, New York
  • Chizhikov DM & Shchastlivyi VP 1968, Selenium and Selenides, translated from the Russian by EM Elkin, Collet's, London
  • Chizhikov DM & Shchastlivyi 1970, Tellurium and the Tellurides, Collet's, London
  • Choppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, Introductory Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts
  • Chopra IS, Chaudhuri S, Veyan JF & Chabal YJ 2011, 'Turning Aluminium into a Noble-metal-like Catalyst for Low-temperature Activation of Molecular Hydrogen', Nature Materials, vol. 10, pp. 884–889, دُوِي:10.1038/nmat3123
  • Chung DDL 2010, Composite Materials: Science and Applications, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, London, (ردمك 978-1-84882-830-8)
  • Clark GL 1960, The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Reinhold, New York
  • Cobb C & Fetterolf ML 2005, The Joy of Chemistry, Prometheus Books, New York, (ردمك 1-59102-231-2)
  • Cohen ML & Chelikowsky JR 1988, Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, (ردمك 3-540-18818-5)
  • Coles BR & Caplin AD 1976, The Electronic Structures of Solids, Edward Arnold, London, (ردمك 0-8448-0874-1)
  • Conkling JA & Mocella C 2011, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics: Basic Principles and Theory, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (ردمك 978-1-57444-740-8)
  • Considine DM & Considine GD (eds) 1984, 'Metalloid', in Van Nostrand Reinhold Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 4th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, (ردمك 0-442-22572-5)
  • Cooper DG 1968, The Periodic Table, 4th ed., Butterworths, London
  • Corbridge DEC 2013, Phosphorus: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology, 6th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 978-1-4398-4088-7)
  • Corwin CH 2005, Introductory Chemistry: Concepts & Connections, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, (ردمك 0-13-144850-1)
  • Cotton FA, Wilkinson G & Gaus P 1995, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-50532-3)
  • Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA & Bochmann 1999, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-19957-5)
  • Cox PA 1997, The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution, Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-855298-X)
  • Cox PA 2004, Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Instant Notes series, Bios Scientific, London, (ردمك 1-85996-289-0)
  • Craig PJ, Eng G & Jenkins RO 2003, 'Occurrence and Pathways of Organometallic Compounds in the Environment—General Considerations' in PJ Craig (ed.), Organometallic Compounds in the Environment, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex, pp. 1–56, (ردمك 0471899933)
  • Craig PJ & Maher WA 2003, 'Organoselenium compounds in the environment', in Organometallic Compounds in the Environment, PJ Craig (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 391–398, (ردمك 0-471-89993-3)
  • Crow JM 2011, 'Boron Carbide Could Light Way to Less-toxic Green Pyrotechnics', Nature News, 8 April, دُوِي:10.1038/news.2011.222
  • Cusack N 1967, The Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Solids: An Introductory Textbook, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Cusack N E 1987, The Physics of Structurally Disordered Matter: An Introduction, A Hilger in association with the University of Sussex Press, Bristol, (ردمك 0-85274-591-5)
  • Daintith J (ed.) 2004, Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-920463-2)
  • Danaith J (ed.) 2008, Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (ردمك 978-0-19-920463-2)
  • Daniel-Hoffmann M, Sredni B & Nitzan Y 2012, 'Bactericidal Activity of the Organo-Tellurium Compound AS101 Against Enterobacter Cloacae,' Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 2165–72, دُوِي:10.1093/jac/dks185
  • Daub GW & Seese WS 1996, Basic Chemistry, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, New York, (ردمك 0-13-373630-X)
  • Davidson DF & Lakin HW 1973, 'Tellurium', in DA Brobst & WP Pratt (eds), United States Mineral Resources, Geological survey professional paper 820, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, pp. 627–30
  • Dávila ME, Molotov SL, Laubschat C & Asensio MC 2002, 'Structural Determination of Yb Single-Crystal Films Grown on W(110) Using Photoelectron Diffraction', Physical Review B, vol. 66, no. 3, p. 035411–18, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevB.66.035411
  • Demetriou MD, Launey ME, Garrett G, Schramm JP, Hofmann DC, Johnson WL & Ritchie RO 2011, 'A Damage-Tolerant Glass', Nature Materials, vol. 10, February, pp. 123–8, دُوِي:10.1038/nmat2930
  • Deming HG 1925, General Chemistry: An Elementary Survey, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Denniston KJ, Topping JJ & Caret RL 2004, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, (ردمك 0-07-282847-1)
  • Deprez N & McLachan DS 1988, 'The Analysis of the Electrical Conductivity of Graphite Conductivity of Graphite Powders During Compaction', Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 21, no. 1, دُوِي:10.1088/0022-3727/21/1/015
  • Desai PD, James HM & Ho CY 1984, 'Electrical Resistivity of Aluminum and Manganese', Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1131–72, دُوِي:10.1063/1.555725
  • Desch CH 1914, Intermetallic Compounds, Longmans, Green and Co., New York
  • Detty MR & O'Regan MB 1994, Tellurium-Containing Heterocycles, (The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, vol. 53), John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Dev N 2008, 'Modelling Selenium Fate and Transport in Great Salt Lake Wetlands', PhD dissertation, University of Utah, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, (ردمك 0-549-86542-X)
  • De Zuane J 1997, Handbook of Drinking Water Quality, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-28789-X)
  • Di Pietro P 2014, Optical Properties of Bismuth-Based Topological Insulators, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, (ردمك 978-3-319-01990-1)
  • Divakar C, Mohan M & Singh AK 1984, 'The Kinetics of Pressure-Induced Fcc-Bcc Transformation in Ytterbium', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2337–40, دُوِي:10.1063/1.334270
  • Donohue J 1982, The Structures of the Elements, Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, Florida, (ردمك 0-89874-230-7)
  • Douglade J & Mercier R 1982, 'Structure Cristalline et Covalence des Liaisons dans le Sulfate d'Arsenic(III), As2(SO4)3', Acta Crystallographica Section B, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 720–3, دُوِي:10.1107/S056774088200394X
  • Du Y, Ouyang C, Shi S & Lei M 2010, 'Ab Initio Studies on Atomic and Electronic Structures of Black Phosphorus', Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 093718–1–4, دُوِي:10.1063/1.3386509
  • Dunlap BD, Brodsky MB, Shenoy GK & Kalvius GM 1970, 'Hyperfine Interactions and Anisotropic Lattice Vibrations of 237Np in α-Np Metal', Physical Review B, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 44–9, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevB.1.44
  • Dunstan S 1968, Principles of Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand Company, London
  • Dupree R, Kirby DJ & Freyland W 1982, 'N.M.R. Study of Changes in Bonding and the Metal-Non-metal Transition in Liquid Caesium-Antimony Alloys', Philosophical Magazine Part B, vol. 46 no. 6, pp. 595–606, دُوِي:10.1080/01418638208223546
  • Eagleson M 1994, Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, (ردمك 3-11-011451-8)
  • Eason R 2007, Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films: Applications-Led Growth of Functional Materials, Wiley-Interscience, New York
  • Ebbing DD & Gammon SD 2010, General Chemistry, 9th ed. enhanced, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, (ردمك 978-0-618-93469-0)
  • Eberle SH 1985, 'Chemical Behavior and Compounds of Astatine', pp. 183–209, in Kugler & Keller
  • Edwards PP & Sienko MJ 1983, 'On the Occurrence of Metallic Character in the Periodic Table of the Elements', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 691–6, دُوِي:10.1021ed060p691
  • Edwards PP 1999, 'Chemically Engineering the Metallic, Insulating and Superconducting State of Matter' in KR Seddon & M Zaworotko (eds), Crystal Engineering: The Design and Application of Functional Solids, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 409–431, (ردمك 0-7923-5905-4)
  • Edwards PP 2000, 'What, Why and When is a metal?', in N Hall (ed.), The New Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, pp. 85–114, (ردمك 0-521-45224-4)
  • Edwards PP, Lodge MTJ, Hensel F & Redmer R 2010, '... A Metal Conducts and a Non-metal Doesn't', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 368, pp. 941–65, دُوِي:10.1098/rsta.2009.0282
  • Eggins BR 1972, Chemical Structure and Reactivity, MacMillan, London, (ردمك 0-333-08145-5)
  • Eichler R, Aksenov NV, Belozerov AV, Bozhikov GA, Chepigin VI, Dmitriev SN, Dressler R, Gäggeler HW, Gorshkov VA, Haenssler F, Itkis MG, Laube A, Lebedev VY, Malyshev ON, Oganessian YT, Petrushkin OV, Piguet D, Rasmussen P, Shishkin SV, Shutov, AV, Svirikhin AI, Tereshatov EE, Vostokin GK, Wegrzecki M & Yeremin AV 2007, 'Chemical Characterization of Element 112,' Nature, vol. 447, pp. 72–5, دُوِي:10.1038/nature05761
  • Ellern H 1968, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Company, New York
  • Emeléus HJ & Sharpe AG 1959, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, vol. 1, Academic Press, New York
  • Emsley J 1971, The Inorganic Chemistry of the Non-metals, Methuen Educational, London, (ردمك 0-423-86120-4)
  • Emsley J 2001, Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-850341-5)
  • Eranna G 2011, Metal Oxide Nanostructures as Gas Sensing Devices, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 1-4398-6340-7)
  • Evans KA 1993, 'Properties and Uses of Oxides and Hydroxides,' in AJ Downs (ed.), Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, Blackie Academic & Professional, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, pp. 248–91, (ردمك 0-7514-0103-X)
  • Evans RC 1966, An Introduction to Crystal Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge
  • Everest DA 1953, 'The Chemistry of Bivalent Germanium Compounds. Part IV. Formation of Germanous Salts by Reduction with Hydrophosphorous Acid.' Journal of the Chemical Society, pp. 4117–4120, دُوِي:10.1039/JR9530004117
  • EVM (Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals) 2003, Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals, UK Food Standards Agency, London, (ردمك 1-904026-11-7)
  • Farandos NM, Yetisen AK, Monteiro MJ, Lowe CR & Yun SH 2014, 'Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics', Advanced Healthcare Materials, دُوِي:10.1002/adhm.201400504, viewed 23 November 2014
  • Fehlner TP 1992, 'Introduction', in TP Fehlner (ed.), Inorganometallic chemistry, Plenum, New York, pp. 1–6, (ردمك 0-306-43986-7)
  • Fehlner TP 1990, 'The Metallic Face of Boron,' in AG Sykes (ed.), Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 35, Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 199–233
  • Feng & Jin 2005, Introduction to Condensed Matter Physics: Volume 1, World Scientific, Singapore, (ردمك 1-84265-347-4)
  • Fernelius WC 1982, 'Polonium', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 741–2, دُوِي:10.1021/ed059p741
  • Ferro R & Saccone A 2008, Intermetallic Chemistry, Elsevier, Oxford, p. 233, (ردمك 0-08-044099-1)
  • Fesquet AA 1872, A Practical Guide for the Manufacture of Metallic Alloys, trans. A. Guettier, Henry Carey Baird, Philadelphia
  • Fine LW & Beall H 1990, Chemistry for Engineers and Scientists, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, (ردمك 0-03-021537-4)
  • Fokwa BPT 2014, 'Borides: Solid-state Chemistry', in Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, دُوِي:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc0022.pub2
  • Foster W 1936, The Romance of Chemistry, D Appleton-Century, New York
  • Foster LS & Wrigley AN 1958, 'Periodic Table', in GL Clark, GG Hawley & WA Hamor (eds), The Encyclopedia of Chemistry (Supplement), Reinhold, New York, pp. 215–20
  • Friend JN 1953, Man and the Chemical Elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
  • Fritz JS & Gjerde DT 2008, Ion Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 3-527-61325-0)
  • Gary S 2013, 'Poisoned Alloy' the Metal of the Future', News in science, viewed 28 August 2013
  • Geckeler S 1987, Optical Fiber Transmission Systems, Artech Hous, Norwood, Massachusetts, (ردمك 0-89006-226-9)
  • Geman Energy Society 2008, Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems: A Guide for Installers, Architects and Engineers, 2nd ed., Earthscan, London, (ردمك 978-1-84407-442-6)
  • Gordh G, Gordh G & Headrick D 2003, A Dictionary of Entomology, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, (ردمك 0-85199-655-8)
  • Gillespie RJ 1998, 'Covalent and Ionic Molecules: Why are BeF2 and AlF3 High Melting Point Solids Whereas BF3 and SiF4 are Gases?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 923–5, دُوِي:10.1021/ed075p923
  • Gillespie RJ & Robinson EA 1963, 'The Sulphuric Acid Solvent System. Part IV. Sulphato Compounds of Arsenic (III)', Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 450–458
  • Gillespie RJ & Passmore J 1972, 'Polyatomic Cations', Chemistry in Britain, vol. 8, pp. 475–479
  • Gladyshev VP & Kovaleva SV 1998, 'Liquidus Shape of the Mercury–Gallium System', Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1445–6
  • Glazov VM, Chizhevskaya SN & Glagoleva NN 1969, Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum, New York
  • Glinka N 1965, General Chemistry, trans. D Sobolev, Gordon & Breach, New York
  • Glockling F 1969, The Chemistry of Germanium, Academic, London
  • Glorieux B, Saboungi ML & Enderby JE 2001, 'Electronic Conduction in Liquid Boron', Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 81–5, دُوِي:10.1209/epl/i2001-00490-0
  • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–7, دُوِي:10.1021/ed059p526
  • Good JM, Gregory O & Bosworth N 1813, 'Arsenicum', in Pantologia: A New Cyclopedia ... of Essays, Treatises, and Systems ... with a General Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Words ... , Kearsely, London
  • Goodrich BG 1844, A Glance at the Physical Sciences, Bradbury, Soden & Co., Boston
  • Gray T 2009, The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe, Black Dog & Leventhal, New York, (ردمك 978-1-57912-814-2)
  • Gray T 2010, 'Metalloids (7)', viewed 8 February 2013
  • Gray T, Whitby M & Mann N 2011, Mohs Hardness of the Elements, viewed 12 Feb 2012
  • Greaves GN, Knights JC & Davis EA 1974, 'Electronic Properties of Amorphous Arsenic', in J Stuke & W Brenig (eds), Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors: Proceedings, vol. 1, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 369–74, (ردمك 978-0-470-83485-5)
  • Greenwood NN 2001, 'Main Group Element Chemistry at the Millennium', Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, issue 14, pp. 2055–66, دُوِي:10.1039/b103917m
  • Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, (ردمك 0-7506-3365-4)
  • Guan PF, Fujita T, Hirata A, Liu YH & Chen MW 2012, 'Structural Origins of the Excellent Glass-forming Ability of Pd40Ni40P20', Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, no. 17, pp. 175501–1–5, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.175501
  • Gunn G (ed.) 2014, Critical Metals Handbook,John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, West Sussex, (ردمك 9780470671719)
  • Gupta VB, Mukherjee AK & Cameotra SS 1997, 'Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Fibres', in MN Gupta & VK Kothari (eds), Manufactured Fibre Technology, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. 271–317, (ردمك 9789401064736)
  • Haaland A, Helgaker TU, Ruud K & Shorokhov DJ 2000, 'Should Gaseous BF3 and SiF4 be Described as Ionic Compounds?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 77, no.8, pp. 1076–80, دُوِي:10.1021/ed077p1076
  • Hager T 2006, The Demon under the Microscope, Three Rivers Press, New York, (ردمك 978-1-4000-8214-8)
  • Hai H, Jun H, Yong-Mei L, He-Yong H, Yong C & Kang-Nian F 2012, 'Graphite Oxide as an Efficient and Durable Metal-free Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Amines to Imines', Green Chemistry, vol. 14, pp. 930–934, دُوِي:10.1039/C2GC16681J
  • Haiduc I & Zuckerman JJ 1985, Basic Organometallic Chemistry, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, (ردمك 0-89925-006-8)
  • Haissinsky M & Coche A 1949, 'New Experiments on the Cathodic Deposition of Radio-elements', Journal of the Chemical Society, pp. S397–400
  • Manson SS & Halford GR 2006, Fatigue and Durability of Structural Materials, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, (ردمك 0-87170-825-6)
  • Haller EE 2006, 'Germanium: From its Discovery to SiGe Devices', Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, vol. 9, nos 4–5, دُوِي:10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.063, viewed 8 February 2013
  • Hamm DI 1969, Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry, Meredith Corporation, New York, (ردمك 0-390-40651-1)
  • Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
  • Hampel CA (ed.) 1968, The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Reinhold, New York
  • Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1976, Glossary of Chemical Terms, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, (ردمك 0-442-23238-1)
  • Harding C, Johnson DA & Janes R 2002, Elements of the p Block, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-85404-690-9)
  • Hasan H 2009, The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, (ردمك 1-4358-5333-4)
  • Hatcher WH 1949, An Introduction to Chemical Science, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Hawkes SJ 1999, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Chem 13 News, February, p. 14, ISSN 0703-1157
  • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–7, دُوِي:10.1021/ed078p1686
  • Hawkes SJ 2010, 'Polonium and Astatine are not Semimetals', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 8, p. 783, دُوِي:10.1021ed100308w
  • Haynes WM (ed.) 2012, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 93rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 1-4398-8049-2)
  • He M, Kravchyk K, Walter M & Kovalenko MV 2014, 'Monodisperse Antimony Nanocrystals for High-Rate Li-ion and Na-ion Battery Anodes: Nano versus Bulk', Nano Letters, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1255–1262, دُوِي:10.1021/nl404165c
  • Henderson M 2000, Main Group Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-85404-617-8)
  • Hermann A, Hoffmann R & Ashcroft NW 2013, 'Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic', Physical Review Letters, vol. 111, pp. 11604–1−11604-5, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404
  • Hérold A 2006, 'An Arrangement of the Chemical Elements in Several Classes Inside the Periodic Table According to their Common Properties', Comptes Rendus Chimie, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 148–53, دُوِي:10.1016/j.crci.2005.10.002
  • Herzfeld K 1927, 'On Atomic Properties Which Make an Element a Metal', Physical Review, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 701–705, دُوِي:10.1103PhysRev.29.701
  • Hill G & Holman J 2000, Chemistry in Context, 5th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, (ردمك 0-17-448307-4)
  • Hiller LA & Herber RH 1960, Principles of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York
  • Hindman JC 1968, 'Neptunium', in CA Hampel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 432–7
  • Hoddeson L 2007, 'In the Wake of Thomas Kuhn's Theory of Scientific Revolutions: The Perspective of an Historian of Science,' in S Vosniadou, A Baltas & X Vamvakoussi (eds), Reframing the Conceptual Change Approach in Learning and Instruction, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 25–34, (ردمك 978-0-08-045355-2)
  • Holderness A & Berry M 1979, Advanced Level Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Heinemann Educational Books, London, (ردمك 0-435-65435-7)
  • Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 'Why Polonium and Astatine are not Metalloids in HRW texts', viewed 8 February 2013
  • Hopkins BS & Bailar JC 1956, General Chemistry for Colleges, 5th ed., D. C. Heath, Boston
  • Horvath 1973, 'Critical Temperature of Elements and the Periodic System', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 335–6, دُوِي:10.1021/ed050p335
  • Hosseini P, Wright CD & Bhaskaran H 2014, 'An optoelectronic framework enabled by low-dimensional phase-change films,' Nature, vol. 511, pp. 206–211, دُوِي:10.1038/nature13487
  • Houghton RP 1979, Metal Complexes in Organic Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-521-21992-2)
  • House JE 2008, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press (Elsevier), Burlington, Massachusetts, (ردمك 0-12-356786-6)
  • House JE & House KA 2010, Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Academic Press, Burlington, Massachusetts, (ردمك 0-12-088755-X)
  • Housecroft CE & Sharpe AG 2008, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, (ردمك 978-0-13-175553-6)
  • Hultgren HH 1966, 'Metalloids', in GL Clark & GG Hawley (eds), The Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing, New York
  • Hunt A 2000, The Complete A-Z Chemistry Handbook, 2nd ed., Hodder & Stoughton, London, (ردمك 0-340-77218-2)
  • Inagaki M 2000, New Carbons: Control of Structure and Functions, Elsevier, Oxford, (ردمك 0-08-043713-3)
  • IUPAC 1959, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, 1st ed., Butterworths, London
  • IUPAC 1971, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Butterworths, London, (ردمك 0-408-70168-4)
  • IUPAC 2005, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (the "Red Book"), NG Connelly & T Damhus eds, RSC Publishing, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-85404-438-8)
  • IUPAC 2006–, Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book"), 2nd ed., by M Nic, J Jirat & B Kosata, with updates compiled by A Jenkins, (ردمك 0-9678550-9-8), دُوِي:10.1351/goldbook
  • James M, Stokes R, Ng W & Moloney J 2000, Chemical Connections 2: VCE Chemistry Units 3 & 4, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Queensland, (ردمك 0-7016-3438-3)
  • Jaouen G & Gibaud S 2010, 'Arsenic-based Drugs: From Fowler's solution to Modern Anticancer Chemotherapy', Medicinal Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 32, pp. 1–20, دُوِي:10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1
  • Jaskula BW 2013, Mineral Commodity Profiles: Gallium, US Geological Survey
  • Jenkins GM & Kawamura K 1976, Polymeric Carbons—Carbon Fibre, Glass and Char, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-521-20693-6)
  • Jezequel G & Thomas J 1997, 'Experimental Band Structure of Semimetal Bismuth', Physical Review B, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 6620–6, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevB.56.6620
  • Johansen G & Mackintosh AR 1970, 'Electronic Structure and Phase Transitions in Ytterbium', Solid State Communications, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 121–4
  • Jolly WL & Latimer WM 1951, 'The Heat of Oxidation of Germanous Iodide and the Germanium Oxidation Potentials', University of California Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley
  • Jolly WL 1966, The Chemistry of the Non-metals, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
  • Jones BW 2010, Pluto: Sentinel of the Outer Solar System, Cambridge University, Cambridge, (ردمك 978-0-521-19436-5)
  • Kaminow IP & Li T 2002 (eds), Optical Fiber Telecommunications, Volume IVA, Academic Press, San Diego, (ردمك 0-12-395172-0)
  • Karabulut M, Melnik E, Stefan R, Marasinghe GK, Ray CS, Kurkjian CR & Day DE 2001, 'Mechanical and Structural Properties of Phosphate Glasses', Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 288, nos. 1–3, pp. 8–17, دُوِي:10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00615-9
  • Kauthale SS, Tekali SU, Rode AB, Shinde SV, Ameta KL & Pawar RP 2015, 'Silica Sulfuric Acid: A Simple and Powerful Heterogenous Catalyst in Organic Synthesis', in KL Ameta & A Penoni, Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 133–162, (ردمك 9781466594821)
  • Kaye GWC & Laby TH 1973, Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 14th ed., Longman, London, (ردمك 0-582-46326-2)
  • Keall JHH, Martin NH & Tunbridge RE 1946, 'A Report of Three Cases of Accidental Poisoning by Sodium Tellurite', British Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 175–6
  • Keevil D 1989, 'Aluminium', in MN Patten (ed.), Information Sources in Metallic Materials, Bowker–Saur, London, pp. 103–119, (ردمك 0-408-01491-1)
  • Keller C 1985, 'Preface', in Kugler & Keller
  • Kelter P, Mosher M & Scott A 2009, Chemistry: the Practical Science, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, (ردمك 0-547-05393-2)
  • Kennedy T, Mullane E, Geaney H, Osiak M, O'Dwyer C & Ryan KM 2014, 'High-Performance Germanium Nanowire-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Extending over 1000 Cycles Through in Situ Formation of a Continuous Porous Network', Nano-letters, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 716–723, دُوِي:10.1021/nl403979s
  • Kent W 1950, Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 12th ed., vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • King EL 1979, Chemistry, Painter Hopkins, Sausalito, California, (ردمك 0-05-250726-2)
  • King RB 1994, 'Antimony: Inorganic Chemistry', in RB King (ed), Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 170–5, (ردمك 0-471-93620-0)
  • King RB 2004, 'The Metallurgist's Periodic Table and the Zintl-Klemm Concept', in DH Rouvray & RB King (eds), The Periodic Table: Into the 21st Century, Research Studies Press, Baldock, Hertfordshire, pp. 191–206, (ردمك 0-86380-292-3)
  • Kinjo R, Donnadieu B, Celik MA, Frenking G & Bertrand G 2011, 'Synthesis and Characterization of a Neutral Tricoordinate Organoboron Isoelectronic with Amines', Science, pp. 610–613, دُوِي:10.1126/science.1207573
  • Kitaĭgorodskiĭ AI 1961, Organic Chemical Crystallography, Consultants Bureau, New York
  • Kleinberg J, Argersinger WJ & Griswold E 1960, Inorganic Chemistry, DC Health, Boston
  • Klement W, Willens RH & Duwez P 1960, 'Non-Crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold–Silicon Alloys', Nature, vol. 187, pp. 869–70, doi|10.1038/187869b0
  • Klemm W 1950, 'Einige Probleme aus der Physik und der Chemie der Halbmetalle und der Metametalle', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 133–42
  • Klug HP & Brasted RC 1958, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry: The Elements and Compounds of Group IV A, Van Nostrand, New York
  • Kneen WR, Rogers MJW & Simpson P 1972, Chemistry: Facts, Patterns, and Principles, Addison-Wesley, London, (ردمك 0-201-03779-3)
  • Kohl AL & Nielsen R 1997, Gas Purification, 5th ed., Gulf Valley Publishing, Houston, Texas, (ردمك 0884152200)
  • Kolobov AV & Tominaga J 2012, Chalcogenides: Metastability and Phase Change Phenomena, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, (ردمك 978-3-642-28705-3)
  • Kolthoff IM & Elving PJ 1978, Treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry of Inorganic and Organic Compounds: Antimony, Arsenic, Boron, Carbon, Molybenum, Tungsten, Wiley Interscience, New York, (ردمك 0-471-49998-6)
  • Kondrat'ev SN & Mel'nikova SI 1978, 'Preparation and Various Characteristics of Boron Hydrogen Sulfates', Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 805–807
  • Kopp JG, Lipták BG & Eren H 000, 'Magnetic Flowmeters', in BG Lipták (ed.), Instrument Engineers' Handbook, 4th ed., vol. 1, Process Measurement and Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 208–224, (ردمك 0-8493-1083-0)
  • Korenman IM 1959, 'Regularities in Properties of Thallium', Journal of General Chemistry of the USSR, English translation, Consultants Bureau, New York, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 1366–90, ISSN 0022-1279
  • Kosanke KL, Kosanke BJ & Dujay RC 2002, 'Pyrotechnic Particle Morphologies—Metal Fuels', in Selected Pyrotechnic Publications of K.L. and B.J. Kosanke Part 5 (1998 through 2000), Journal of Pyrotechnics, Whitewater, CO, (ردمك 1-889526-13-4)
  • Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, (ردمك 1-4390-4131-8)
  • Kozyrev PT 1959, 'Deoxidized Selenium and the Dependence of its Electrical Conductivity on Pressure. II', Physics of the Solid State, translation of the journal Solid State Physics (Fizika tverdogo tela) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol. 1, pp. 102–10
  • Kraig RE, Roundy D & Cohen ML 2004, 'A Study of the Mechanical and Structural Properties of Polonium', Solid State Communications, vol. 129, issue 6, Feb, pp. 411–13, دُوِي:10.1016/j.ssc.2003.08.001
  • Krannich LK & Watkins CL 2006, 'Arsenic: Organoarsenic chemistry,' Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, viewed 12 Feb 2012
  • Kreith F & Goswami DY (eds) 2005, The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, 2nd ed., Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 0-8493-0866-6)
  • Krishnan S, Ansell S, Felten J, Volin K & Price D 1998, 'Structure of Liquid Boron', Physical Review Letters, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 586–9, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.586
  • Kross B 2011, 'What's the melting point of steel?', Questions and Answers, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA
  • Kudryavtsev AA 1974, The Chemistry & Technology of Selenium and Tellurium, translated from the 2nd Russian edition and revised by EM Elkin, Collet's, London, (ردمك 0-569-08009-6)
  • Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (ردمك 3-540-93516-9)
  • Ladd M 1999, Crystal Structures: Lattices and Solids in Stereoview, Horwood Publishing, Chichester, (ردمك 1-898563-63-2)
  • Le Bras M, Wilkie CA & Bourbigot S (eds) 2005, Fire Retardancy of Polymers: New Applications of Mineral Fillers, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-85404-582-1)
  • Lee J, Lee EK, Joo W, Jang Y, Kim B, Lim JY, Choi S, Ahn SJ, Ahn JR, Park M, Yang C, Choi BL, Hwang S & Whang D 2014, 'Wafer-Scale Growth of Single-Crystal Monolayer Graphene on Reusable Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium', Science, vol. 344, no. 6181, pp. 286–289, دُوِي:10.1126/science.1252268
  • Legit D, Friák M & Šob M 2010, 'Phase Stability, Elasticity, and Theoretical Strength of Polonium from First Principles,' Physical Review B, vol. 81, pp. 214118–1–19, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.214118
  • Lehto Y & Hou X 2011, Chemistry and Analysis of Radionuclides: Laboratory Techniques and Methodology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, (ردمك 978-3-527-32658-7)
  • Lewis RJ 1993, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, (ردمك 0-442-01131-8)
  • Li XP 1990, 'Properties of Liquid Arsenic: A Theoretical Study', Physical Review B, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 8392–406, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevB.41.8392
  • Lide DR (ed.) 2005, 'Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea', in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 14–17, (ردمك 0-8493-0485-7)
  • Lidin RA 1996, Inorganic Substances Handbook, Begell House, New York, (ردمك 1-56700-065-7)
  • Lindsjö M, Fischer A & Kloo L 2004, 'Sb8(GaCl4)2: Isolation of a Homopolyatomic Antimony Cation', Angewandte Chemie, vol. 116, no. 19, pp. 2594–2597, دُوِي:10.1002/ange.200353578
  • Lipscomb CA 1972 Pyrotechnics in the '70's A Materials Approach, Naval Ammunition Depot, Research and Development Department, Crane, IN
  • Lister MW 1965, Oxyacids, Oldbourne Press, London
  • Liu ZK, Jiang J, Zhou B, Wang ZJ, Zhang Y, Weng HM, Prabhakaran D, Mo S-K, Peng H, Dudin P, Kim T, Hoesch M, Fang Z, Dai X, Shen ZX, Feng DL, Hussain Z & Chen YL 2014, 'A Stable Three-dimensional Topological Dirac Semimetal Cd3As2', Nature Materials, vol. 13, pp. 677–681, دُوِي:10.1038/nmat3990
  • Locke EG, Baechler RH, Beglinger E, Bruce HD, Drow JT, Johnson KG, Laughnan DG, Paul BH, Rietz RC, Saeman JF & Tarkow H 1956, 'Wood', in RE Kirk & DF Othmer (eds), Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 15, The Interscience Encyclopedia, New York, pp. 72–102
  • Löffler JF, Kündig AA & Dalla Torre FH 2007, 'Rapid Solidification and Bulk Metallic Glasses—Processing and Properties,' in JR Groza, JF Shackelford, EJ Lavernia EJ & MT Powers (eds), Materials Processing Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 17–1–44, (ردمك 0-8493-3216-8)
  • Long GG & Hentz FC 1986, Problem Exercises for General Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-82840-8)
  • Lovett DR 1977, Semimetals & Narrow-Bandgap Semi-conductors, Pion, London, (ردمك 0-85086-060-1)
  • Lutz J, Schlangenotto H, Scheuermann U, De Doncker R 2011, Semiconductor Power Devices: Physics, Characteristics, Reliability, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (ردمك 3-642-11124-6)
  • Masters GM & Ela W 2008, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, (ردمك 978-0-13-148193-0)
  • MacKay KM, MacKay RA & Henderson W 2002, Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed., Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, (ردمك 0-7487-6420-8)
  • MacKenzie D, 2015 'Gas! Gas! Gas!', New Scientist, vol. 228, no. 3044, pp. 34–37
  • Madelung O 2004, Semiconductors: Data Handbook, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (ردمك 978-3-540-40488-0)
  • Maeder T 2013, 'Review of Bi2O3 Based Glasses for Electronics and Related Applications, International Materials Reviews, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 3‒40, دُوِي:10.1179/1743280412Y.0000000010
  • Mahan BH 1965, University Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts
  • Mainiero C,2014, 'Picatinny chemist wins Young Scientist Award for work on smoke grenades', U.S. Army, Picatinny Public Affairs, 2 April, viewed 9 June 2017
  • Manahan SE 2001, Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 1-56670-491-X)
  • Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–3, دُوِي:10.1021ja992866e
  • Marezio M & Licci F 2000, 'Strategies for Tailoring New Superconducting Systems', in X Obradors, F Sandiumenge & J Fontcuberta (eds), Applied Superconductivity 1999: Large scale applications, volume 1 of Applied Superconductivity 1999: Proceedings of EUCAS 1999, the Fourth European Conference on Applied Superconductivity, held in Sitges, Spain, 14–17 September 1999, Institute of Physics, Bristol, pp. 11–16, (ردمك 0-7503-0745-5)
  • Marković N, Christiansen C & Goldman AM 1998, 'Thickness-Magnetic Field Phase Diagram at the Superconductor-Insulator Transition in 2D', Physical Review Letters, vol. 81, no. 23, pp. 5217–20, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5217
  • Massey AG 2000, Main Group Chemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, (ردمك 0-471-49039-3)
  • Masterton WL & Slowinski EJ 1977, Chemical Principles, 4th ed., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, (ردمك 0-7216-6173-4)
  • Matula RA 1979, 'Electrical Resistivity of Copper, Gold, Palladium, and Silver,' Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1147–298, دُوِي:10.1063/1.555614
  • McKee DW 1984, 'Tellurium—An Unusual Carbon Oxidation Catalyst', Carbon, vol. 22, no. 6, دُوِي:10.1016/0008-6223(84)90084-8, pp. 513–516
  • McMurray J & Fay RC 2009, General Chemistry: Atoms First, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, (ردمك 0-321-57163-0)
  • McQuarrie DA & Rock PA 1987, General Chemistry, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, New York, (ردمك 0-7167-2169-4)
  • Mellor JW 1964, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. 9, John Wiley, New York
  • Mellor JW 1964a, A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, vol. 11, John Wiley, New York
  • Mendeléeff DI 1897, The Principles of Chemistry, vol. 2, 5th ed., trans. G Kamensky, AJ Greenaway (ed.), Longmans, Green & Co., London
  • Meskers CEM, Hagelüken C & Van Damme G 2009, 'Green Recycling of EEE: Special and Precious Metal EEE', in SM Howard, P Anyalebechi & L Zhang (eds), Proceedings of Sessions and Symposia Sponsored by the Extraction and Processing Division (EPD) of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), held during the TMS 2009 Annual Meeting & Exhibition San Francisco, California, February 15–19, 2009, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, (ردمك 978-0-87339-732-2), pp. 1131–6
  • Metcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF 1974, Modern Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, (ردمك 0-03-089450-6)
  • Meyer JS, Adams WJ, Brix KV, Luoma SM, Mount DR, Stubblefield WA & Wood CM (eds) 2005, Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, 27 July–1 August 2002, Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, (ردمك 1-880611-70-8)
  • Mhiaoui S, Sar F, Gasser J 2003, 'Influence of the History of a Melt on the Electrical Resistivity of Cadmium–Antimony Liquid Alloys', Intermetallics, vol. 11, nos 11–12, pp. 1377–82, دُوِي:10.1016/j.intermet.2003.09.008
  • Miller GJ, Lee C & Choe W 2002, 'Structure and Bonding Around the Zintl border', in G Meyer, D Naumann & L Wesermann (eds), Inorganic chemistry highlights, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 21–53, (ردمك 3-527-30265-4)
  • Millot F, Rifflet JC, Sarou-Kanian V & Wille G 2002, 'High-Temperature Properties of Liquid Boron from Contactless Techniques', International Journal of Thermophysics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1185–95, دُوِي:10.1023/A:1019836102776
  • Mingos DMP 1998, Essential Trends in Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-850108-0)
  • Moeller T 1954, Inorganic Chemistry: An Advanced Textbook, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Mokhatab S & Poe WA 2012, Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Kidlington, Oxford, (ردمك 9780123869142)
  • Molina-Quiroz RC, Muñoz-Villagrán CM, de la Torre E, Tantaleán JC, Vásquez CC & Pérez-Donoso JM 2012, 'Enhancing the Antibiotic Antibacterial Effect by Sub Lethal Tellurite Concentrations: Tellurite and Cefotaxime Act Synergistically in Escherichia Coli', PloS (Public Library of Science) ONE, vol. 7, no. 4, دُوِي:10.1371/journal.pone.0035452
  • Monconduit L, Evain M, Boucher F, Brec R & Rouxel J 1992, 'Short Te … Te Bonding Contacts in a New Layered Ternary Telluride: Synthesis and crystal structure of 2D Nb3GexTe6 (x ≃ 0.9)', Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, vol. 616, no. 10, pp. 177–182, دُوِي:10.1002/zaac.19926161028
  • Moody B 1991, Comparative Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Edward Arnold, London, (ردمك 0-7131-3679-0)
  • Moore LJ, Fassett JD, Travis JC, Lucatorto TB & Clark CW 1985, 'Resonance-Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Carbon', Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 1561–5, دُوِي:10.1364/JOSAB.2.001561
  • Moore JE 2010, 'The Birth of Topological Insulators,' Nature, vol. 464, pp. 194–198, دُوِي:10.1038/nature08916
  • Moore JE 2011, Topological insulators, IEEE Spectrum, viewed 15 December 2014
  • Moore JT 2011, Chemistry for Dummies, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 1-118-09292-9)
  • Moore NC 2014, '45-year Physics Mystery Shows a Path to Quantum Transistors', Michigan News, viewed 17 December 2014
  • Morgan WC 1906, Qualitative Analysis as a Laboratory Basis for the Study of General Inorganic Chemistry, The Macmillan Company, New York
  • Morita A 1986, 'Semiconducting Black Phosphorus', Journal of Applied Physics A, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 227–42, دُوِي:10.1007/BF00617267
  • Moss TS 1952, Photoconductivity in the Elements, London, Butterworths
  • Muncke J 2013, 'Antimony Migration from PET: New Study Investigates Extent of Antimony Migration from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Using EU Migration Testing Rules', Food Packaging Forum, April 2
  • Murray JF 1928, 'Cable-Sheath Corrosion', Electrical World, vol. 92, Dec 29, pp. 1295–7, ISSN 0013-4457
  • Nagao T, Sadowski1 JT, Saito M, Yaginuma S, Fujikawa Y, Kogure T, Ohno T, Hasegawa Y, Hasegawa S & Sakurai T 2004, 'Nanofilm Allotrope and Phase Transformation of Ultrathin Bi Film on Si(111)-7×7', Physical Review Letters, vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 105501–1–4, دُوِي:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.105501
  • Neuburger MC 1936, 'Gitterkonstanten für das Jahr 1936' (in German), Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, vol. 93, pp. 1–36, ISSN 0044-2968
  • Nickless G 1968, Inorganic Sulphur Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam
  • Nielsen FH 1998, 'Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition: Current Knowledge and Speculation', The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, vol. 11, pp. 251–74, دُوِي:10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1998)11:2/3<251::AID-JTRA15>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 2010, Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms, by WC Martin, A Musgrove, S Kotochigova & JE Sansonetti, viewed 8 February 2013
  • National Research Council 1984, The Competitive Status of the U.S. Electronics Industry: A Study of the Influences of Technology in Determining International Industrial Competitive Advantage, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, (ردمك 0-309-03397-7)
  • New Scientist 1975, 'Chemistry on the Islands of Stability', 11 Sep, p. 574, ISSN 1032-1233
  • New Scientist 2014, 'Colour-changing metal to yield thin, flexible displays', vol. 223, no. 2977
  • Oderberg DS 2007, Real Essentialism, Routledge, New York, (ردمك 1-134-34885-1)
  • Oxford English Dictionary 1989, 2nd ed., Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-861213-3)
  • Oganov AR, Chen J, Gatti C, Ma Y, Ma Y, Glass CW, Liu Z, Yu T, Kurakevych OO & Solozhenko VL 2009, 'Ionic High-Pressure Form of Elemental Boron', Nature, vol. 457, 12 Feb, pp. 863–8, دُوِي:10.1038/nature07736
  • Oganov AR 2010, 'Boron Under Pressure: Phase Diagram and Novel High Pressure Phase,' in N Ortovoskaya N & L Mykola L (eds), Boron Rich Solids: Sensors, Ultra High Temperature Ceramics, Thermoelectrics, Armor, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 207–25, (ردمك 90-481-9823-2)
  • Ogata S, Li J & Yip S 2002, 'Ideal Pure Shear Strength of Aluminium and Copper', Science, vol. 298, no. 5594, 25 October, pp. 807–10, دُوِي:10.1126/science.1076652
  • O'Hare D 1997, 'Inorganic intercalation compounds' in DW Bruce & D O'Hare (eds), Inorganic materials, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 171–254, (ردمك 0-471-96036-5)
  • Okajima Y & Shomoji M 1972, Viscosity of Dilute Amalgams', Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 255–8, ISSN 0021-4434
  • Oldfield JE, Allaway WH, HA Laitinen, HW Lakin & OH Muth 1974, 'Tellurium', in Geochemistry and the Environment, Volume 1: The Relation of Selected Trace Elements to Health and Disease, US National Committee for Geochemistry, Subcommittee on the Geochemical Environment in Relation to Health and Disease, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, (ردمك 0-309-02223-1)
  • Oliwenstein L 2011, 'Caltech-Led Team Creates Damage-Tolerant Metallic Glass', California Institute of Technology, 12 January, viewed 8 February 2013
  • Olmsted J & Williams GM 1997, Chemistry, the Molecular Science, 2nd ed., Wm C Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, (ردمك 0-8151-8450-6)
  • Ordnance Office 1863, The Ordnance Manual for the use of the Officers of the Confederate States Army, 1st ed., Evans & Cogswell, Charleston, SC
  • Orton JW 2004, The Story of Semiconductors, Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-853083-8)
  • Owen SM & Brooker AT 1991, A Guide to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, (ردمك 0-582-06439-2)
  • Oxtoby DW, Gillis HP & Campion A 2008, Principles of Modern Chemistry, 6th ed., Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, (ردمك 0-534-49366-1)
  • Pan K, Fu Y & Huang T 1964, 'Polarographic Behavior of Germanium(II)-Perchlorate in Perchloric Acid Solutions', Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, pp. 176–184, دُوِي:10.1002/jccs.196400020
  • Parise JB, Tan K, Norby P, Ko Y & Cahill C 1996, 'Examples of Hydrothermal Titration and Real Time X-ray Diffraction in the Synthesis of Open Frameworks', MRS Proceedings, vol. 453, pp. 103–14, دُوِي:10.1557/PROC-453-103
  • Parish RV 1977, The Metallic Elements, Longman, London, (ردمك 0-582-44278-8)
  • Parkes GD & Mellor JW 1943, Mellor's Nodern Inorganic Chemistry, Longmans, Green and Co., London
  • Parry RW, Steiner LE, Tellefsen RL & Dietz PM 1970, Chemistry: Experimental Foundations, Prentice-Hall/Martin Educational, Sydney, (ردمك 0-7253-0100-7)
  • Partington 1944, A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Macmillan, London
  • Pashaey BP & Seleznev VV 1973, 'Magnetic Susceptibility of Gallium-Indium Alloys in Liquid State', Russian Physics Journal, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 565–6, دُوِي:10.1007/BF00890855
  • Patel MR 2012, Introduction to Electrical Power and Power Electronics CRC Press, Boca Raton, (ردمك 978-1-4665-5660-7)
  • Paul RC, Puri JK, Sharma RD & Malhotra KC 1971, 'Unusual Cations of Arsenic', Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 725–728, دُوِي:10.1016/0020-1650(71)80079-X
  • Pauling L 1988, General Chemistry, Dover Publications, New York, (ردمك 0-486-65622-5)
  • Pearson WB 1972, The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and Alloys, Wiley-Interscience, New York, (ردمك 0-471-67540-7)
  • Perry DL 2011, Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 9781439814611)
  • Peryea FJ 1998, 'Historical Use of Lead Arsenate Insecticides, Resulting Soil Contamination and Implications for Soil Remediation, Proceedings', 16th World Congress of Soil Science, Montpellier, France, 20–26 August
  • Phillips CSG & Williams RJP 1965, Inorganic Chemistry, I: Principles and Non-metals, Clarendon Press, Oxford
  • Pinkerton J 1800, Petralogy. A Treatise on Rocks, vol. 2, White, Cochrane, and Co., London
  • Poojary DM, Borade RB & Clearfield A 1993, 'Structural Characterization of Silicon Orthophosphate', Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 208, no. 1, pp. 23–9, دُوِي:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)82879-0
  • Pourbaix M 1974, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, 2nd English edition, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, (ردمك 0-915567-98-9)
  • Powell HM & Brewer FM 1938, 'The Structure of Germanous Iodide', Journal of the Chemical Society,, pp. 197–198, دُوِي:10.1039/JR9380000197
  • Powell P 1988, Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, London, (ردمك 0-412-42830-X)
  • Prakash GKS & Schleyer PvR (eds) 1997, Stable Carbocation Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-59462-8)
  • Prudenziati M 1977, IV. 'Characterization of Localized States in β-Rhombohedral Boron', in VI Matkovich (ed.), Boron and Refractory Borides, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 241–61, (ردمك 0-387-08181-X)
  • Puddephatt RJ & Monaghan PK 1989, The Periodic Table of the Elements, 2nd ed., Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-855516-4)
  • Pyykkö P 2012, 'Relativistic Effects in Chemistry: More Common Than You Thought', Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, vol. 63, pp. 45‒64 (56), دُوِي: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143755
  • Rao CNR & Ganguly P 1986, 'A New Criterion for the Metallicity of Elements', Solid State Communications, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 5–6, دُوِي:10.1016/0038-1098(86)90659-9
  • Rao KY 2002, Structural Chemistry of Glasses, Elsevier, Oxford, (ردمك 0-08-043958-6)
  • Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl Compounds of Metals and Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, دُوِي:10.1021/ed037p568
  • Rayner-Canham G & Overton T 2006, Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., WH Freeman, New York, (ردمك 0-7167-8963-9)
  • Rayner-Canham G 2011, 'Isodiagonality in the Periodic Table', Foundations of chemistry, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 121–9, دُوِي:10.1007/s10698-011-9108-y
  • Reardon M 2005, 'IBM Doubles Speed of Germanium chips', CNET News, August 4, viewed 27 December 2013
  • Regnault MV 1853, Elements of Chemistry, vol. 1, 2nd ed., Clark & Hesser, Philadelphia
  • Reilly C 2002, Metal Contamination of Food, Blackwell Science, Oxford, (ردمك 0-632-05927-3)
  • Reilly 2004, The Nutritional Trace Metals, Blackwell, Oxford, (ردمك 1-4051-1040-6)
  • Restrepo G, Mesa H, Llanos EJ & Villaveces JL 2004, 'Topological Study of the Periodic System', Journal of Chemical Information and Modelling, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 68–75, دُوِي:10.1021/ci034217z
  • Restrepo G, Llanos EJ & Mesa H 2006, 'Topological Space of the Chemical Elements and its Properties', Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 401–16, دُوِي: 10.1007/s10910-005-9041-1
  • Řezanka T & Sigler K 2008, 'Biologically Active Compounds of Semi-Metals', Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, vol. 35, pp. 585–606, دُوِي:10.1016/S1572-5995(08)80018-X
  • Richens DT 1997, The Chemistry of Aqua Ions, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, (ردمك 0-471-97058-1)
  • Rochow EG 1957, The Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Rochow EG 1966, The Metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston
  • Rochow EG 1973, 'Silicon', in JC Bailar, HJ Emeléus, R Nyholm & AF Trotman-Dickenson (eds), Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 1, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 1323–1467, (ردمك 0-08-015655-X)
  • Rochow EG 1977, Modern Descriptive Chemistry, Saunders, Philadelphia, (ردمك 0-7216-7628-6)
  • Rodgers G 2011, Descriptive Inorganic, Coordination, & Solid-state Chemistry, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, (ردمك 0-8400-6846-8)
  • Roher GS 2001, Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-521-66379-2)
  • Rossler K 1985, 'Handling of Astatine', pp. 140–56, in Kugler & Keller
  • Rothenberg GB 1976, Glass Technology, Recent Developments, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, New Jersey, (ردمك 0-8155-0609-0)
  • Roza G 2009, Bromine, Rosen Publishing, New York, (ردمك 1-4358-5068-8)
  • Rupar PA, Staroverov VN & Baines KM 2008, 'A Cryptand-Encapsulated Germanium(II) Dication', Science, vol. 322, no. 5906, pp. 1360–1363, دُوِي:10.1126/science.1163033
  • Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York, (ردمك 0-471-64952-X)
  • Russell MS 2009, The Chemistry of Fireworks, 2nd ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, (ردمك 978-0-85404-127-5)
  • Sacks MD 1998, 'Mullitization Behavior of Alpha Alumina Silica Microcomposite Powders', in AP Tomsia & AM Glaeser (eds), Ceramic Microstructures: Control at the Atomic Level, proceedings of the International Materials Symposium on Ceramic Microstructures '96: Control at the Atomic Level, June 24–27, 1996, Berkeley, CA, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 285–302, (ردمك 0-306-45817-9)
  • Salentine CG 1987, 'Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of a New Potassium Borate, KB3O5•3H2O', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 128–32, دُوِي:10.1021/ic00248a025
  • Samsonov GV 1968, Handbook of the Physiochemical Properties of the Elements, I F I/Plenum, New York
  • Savvatimskiy AI 2005, 'Measurements of the Melting Point of Graphite and the Properties of Liquid Carbon (a review for 1963–2003)', Carbon, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1115–42, دُوِي:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027
  • Savvatimskiy AI 2009, 'Experimental Electrical Resistivity of Liquid Carbon in the Temperature Range from 4800 to ~20,000 K', Carbon, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 2322–8, دُوِي:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.04.009
  • Schaefer JC 1968, 'Boron' in CA Hampel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 73–81
  • Schauss AG 1991, 'Nephrotoxicity and Neurotoxicity in Humans from Organogermanium Compounds and Germanium Dioxide', Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 267–80, دُوِي:10.1007/BF03032683
  • Schmidbaur H & Schier A 2008, 'A Briefing on Aurophilicity,' Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 37, pp. 1931–51, دُوِي:10.1039/B708845K
  • Schroers J 2013, 'Bulk Metallic Glasses', Physics Today, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 32–7, دُوِي:10.1063/PT.3.1885
  • Schwab GM & Gerlach J 1967, 'The Reaction of Germanium with Molybdenum(VI) Oxide in the Solid State' (in German), Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, vol. 56, pp. 121–132, دُوِي:10.1524/zpch.1967.56.3_4.121
  • Schwartz MM 2002, Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts, and Finishes, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 1-56676-661-3)
  • Schwietzer GK and Pesterfield LL 2010, The Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements, Oxford University, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-539335-X)
  • ScienceDaily 2012, 'Recharge Your Cell Phone With a Touch? New nanotechnology converts body heat into power', February 22, viewed 13 January 2013
  • Scott EC & Kanda FA 1962, The Nature of Atoms and Molecules: A General Chemistry, Harper & Row, New York
  • Secrist JH & Powers WH 1966, General Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey
  • Segal BG 1989, Chemistry: Experiment and Theory, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-471-84929-4)
  • Sekhon BS 2012, 'Metalloid Compounds as Drugs', Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 145–58, ISSN 1735-9414
  • Sequeira CAC 2011, 'Copper and Copper Alloys', in R Winston Revie (ed.), Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp. 757–86, (ردمك 1-118-11003-X)
  • Sharp DWA 1981, 'Metalloids', in Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed, Longman, Harlow, (ردمك 0-582-35152-9)
  • Sharp DWA 1983, The Penguin Dictionary of Chemistry, 2nd ed., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, (ردمك 0-14-051113-X)
  • Shelby JE 2005, Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, 2nd ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-85404-639-9)
  • Sidgwick NV 1950, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds, vol. 1, Clarendon, Oxford
  • Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, MacMillan, New York
  • Siekierski S & Burgess J 2002, Concise Chemistry of the Elements, Horwood, Chichester, (ردمك 1-898563-71-3)
  • Silberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, (ردمك 0-07-111658-3)
  • Simple Memory Art c. 2005, Periodic Table, EVA vinyl shower curtain, San Francisco
  • Skinner GRB, Hartley CE, Millar D & Bishop E 1979, 'Possible Treatment for Cold Sores,' British Medical Journal, vol 2, no. 6192, p. 704, دُوِي:10.1136/bmj.2.6192.704
  • Slade S 2006, Elements and the Periodic Table, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, (ردمك 1-4042-2165-4)
  • Science Learning Hub 2009, 'The Essential Elements', The University of Waikato, viewed 16 January 2013
  • Smith DW 1990, Inorganic Substances: A Prelude to the Study of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, (ردمك 0-521-33738-0)
  • Smith R 1994, Conquering Chemistry, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, Sydney, (ردمك 0-07-470146-0)
  • Smith AH, Marshall G, Yuan Y, Steinmaus C, Liaw J, Smith MT, Wood L, Heirich M, Fritzemeier RM, Pegram MD & Ferreccio C 2014, 'Rapid Reduction in Breast Cancer Mortality with Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water', "EBioMedicine," دُوِي:10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.10.005
  • Sneader W 2005, Drug Discovery: A History, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (ردمك 0-470-01552-7)
  • Snyder MK 1966, Chemistry: Structure and Reactions, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
  • Soverna S 2004, 'Indication for a Gaseous Element 112', in U Grundinger (ed.), GSI Scientific Report 2003, GSI Report 2004-1, p. 187, ISSN 0174-0814
  • Steele D 1966, The Chemistry of the Metallic Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford
  • Stein L 1985, 'New Evidence that Radon is a Metalloid Element: Ion-Exchange Reactions of Cationic Radon', Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, vol. 22, pp. 1631–2, دُوِي:10.1039/C39850001631
  • Stein L 1987, 'Chemical Properties of Radon' in PK Hopke (ed.) 1987, Radon and its Decay products: Occurrence, Properties, and Health Effects, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 240–51, (ردمك 0-8412-1015-2)
  • Steudel R 1977, Chemistry of the Non-metals: With an Introduction to atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, (ردمك 3-11-004882-5)
  • Steurer W 2007, 'Crystal Structures of the Elements' in JW Marin (ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of the Structure of Materials, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 127–45, (ردمك 0-08-045127-6)
  • Stevens SD & Klarner A 1990, Deadly Doses: A Writer's Guide to Poisons, Writer's Digest Books, Cincinnati, Ohio, (ردمك 0-89879-371-8)
  • Stoker HS 2010, General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Belmont California, (ردمك 0-495-83146-8)
  • Stott RW 1956, A Companion to Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Longmans, Green and Co., London
  • Stuke J 1974, 'Optical and Electrical Properties of Selenium', in RA Zingaro & WC Cooper (eds), Selenium, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 174–297, (ردمك 0-442-29575-8)
  • Swalin RA 1962, Thermodynamics of Solids, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Swift EH & Schaefer WP 1962, Qualitative Elemental Analysis, WH Freeman, San Francisco
  • Swink LN & Carpenter GB 1966, 'The Crystal Structure of Basic Tellurium Nitrate, Te2O4•HNO3', Acta Crystallographica, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 578–83, دُوِي:10.1107/S0365110X66003487
  • Szpunar J, Bouyssiere B & Lobinski R 2004, 'Advances in Analytical Methods for Speciation of Trace Elements in the Environment', in AV Hirner & H Emons (eds), Organic Metal and Metalloid Species in the Environment: Analysis, Distribution Processes and Toxicological Evaluation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 17–40, (ردمك 3-540-20829-1)
  • Taguena-Martinez J, Barrio RA & Chambouleyron I 1991, 'Study of Tin in Amorphous Germanium', in JA Blackman & J Tagüeña (eds), Disorder in Condensed Matter Physics: A Volume in Honour of Roger Elliott, Clarendon Press, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-853938-X), pp. 139–44
  • Taniguchi M, Suga S, Seki M, Sakamoto H, Kanzaki H, Akahama Y, Endo S, Terada S & Narita S 1984, 'Core-Exciton Induced Resonant Photoemission in the Covalent Semiconductor Black Phosphorus', Solid State Communications, vo1. 49, no. 9, pp. 867–70
  • Tao SH & Bolger PM 1997, 'Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements', Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 211–19, دُوِي:10.1006/rtph.1997.1098
  • Taylor MD 1960, First Principles of Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey
  • Thayer JS 1977, 'Teaching Bio-Organometal Chemistry. I. The Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 604–6, دُوِي:10.1021/ed054p604
  • The Economist 2012, 'Phase-Change Memory: Altered States', Technology Quarterly, September 1
  • The American Heritage Science Dictionary 2005, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, (ردمك 0-618-45504-3)
  • The Chemical News 1897, 'Notices of Books: A Manual of Chemistry, Theoretical and Practical, by WA Tilden', vol. 75, no. 1951, p. 189
  • Thomas S & Visakh PM 2012, Handbook of Engineering and Speciality Thermoplastics: Volume 3: Polyethers and Polyesters, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, (ردمك 0470639261)
  • Tilden WA 1876, Introduction to the Study of Chemical Philosophy, D. Appleton and Co., New York
  • Timm JA 1944, General Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York
  • Tyler Miller G 1987, Chemistry: A Basic Introduction, 4th ed., Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, (ردمك 0-534-06912-6)
  • Togaya M 2000, 'Electrical Resistivity of Liquid Carbon at High Pressure', in MH Manghnani, W Nellis & MF.Nicol (eds), Science and Technology of High Pressure, proceedings of AIRAPT-17, Honolulu, Hawaii, 25–30 July 1999, vol. 2, Universities Press, Hyderabad, pp. 871–4, (ردمك 81-7371-339-1)
  • Tom LWC, Elden LM & Marsh RR 2004, 'Topical antifungals', in PS Roland & JA Rutka, Ototoxicity, BC Decker, Hamilton, Ontario, pp. 134–9, (ردمك 1-55009-263-4)
  • Tominaga J 2006, 'Application of Ge–Sb–Te Glasses for Ultrahigh Density Optical Storage', in AV Kolobov (ed.), Photo-Induced Metastability in Amorphous Semiconductors, Wiley-VCH, pp. 327–7, (ردمك 3-527-60866-4)
  • Toy AD 1975, The Chemistry of Phosphorus, Pergamon, Oxford, (ردمك 0-08-018780-3)
  • Träger F 2007, Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, Springer, New York, (ردمك 978-0-387-95579-7)
  • Traynham JG 1989, 'Carbonium Ion: Waxing and Waning of a Name', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 930–3, دُوِي:10.1021/ed063p930
  • Trivedi Y, Yung E & Katz DS 2013, 'Imaging in Fever of Unknown Origin', in BA Cunha (ed.), Fever of Unknown Origin, Informa Healthcare USA, New York, pp. 209–228, (ردمك 0-8493-3615-5)
  • Turner M 2011, 'German E. Coli Outbreak Caused by Previously Unknown Strain', Nature News, 2 Jun, دُوِي:10.1038/news.2011.345
  • Turova N 2011, Inorganic Chemistry in Tables, Springer, Heidelberg, (ردمك 978-3-642-20486-9)
  • Tuthill G 2011, 'Faculty profile: Elements of Great Teaching', The Iolani School Bulletin, Winter, viewed 29 October 2011
  • Tyler PM 1948, From the Ground Up: Facts and Figures of the Mineral Industries of the United States, McGraw-Hill, New York
  • UCR Today 2011, 'Research Performed in Guy Bertrand’s Lab Offers Vast Family of New Catalysts for use in Drug Discovery, Biotechnology', University of California, Riverside, July 28
  • Uden PC 2005, 'Speciation of Selenium,' in R Cornelis, J Caruso, H Crews & K Heumann (eds), Handbook of Elemental Speciation II: Species in the Environment, Food, Medicine and Occupational Health, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 346–65, (ردمك 0-470-85598-3)
  • United Nuclear Scientific 2014, 'Disk Sources, Standard', viewed 5 April 2014
  • US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, Shipfitter 3 & 2, US Government Printing Office, Washington
  • US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Antimony (III), draft, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratories, Washington
  • University of Limerick 2014, 'Researchers make breakthrough in battery technology,' 7 February, viewed 2 March 2014
  • University of Utah 2014, New 'Topological Insulator' Could Lead to Superfast Computers, Phys.org, viewed 15 December 2014
  • Van Muylder J & Pourbaix M 1974, 'Arsenic', in M Pourbaix (ed.), Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, 2nd ed., National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
  • Van der Put PJ 1998, The Inorganic Chemistry of Materials: How to Make Things Out of Elements, Plenum, New York, (ردمك 0-306-45731-8)
  • Van Setten MJ, Uijttewaal MA, de Wijs GA & Groot RA 2007, 'Thermodynamic Stability of Boron: The Role of Defects and Zero Point Motion', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 129, no. 9, pp. 2458–65, دُوِي:10.1021/ja0631246
  • Vasáros L & Berei K 1985, 'General Properties of Astatine', pp. 107–28, in Kugler & Keller
  • Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, دُوِي:10.1021/ed3008457
  • Walker P & Tarn WH 1996, CRC Handbook of Metal Etchants, Boca Raton, FL, (ردمك 0849336236)
  • Walters D 1982, Chemistry, Franklin Watts Science World series, Franklin Watts, London, (ردمك 0-531-04581-1)
  • Wang Y & Robinson GH 2011, 'Building a Lewis Base with Boron', Science, vol. 333, no. 6042, pp. 530–531, دُوِي:10.1126/science.1209588
  • Wanga WH, Dongb C & Shek CH 2004, 'Bulk Metallic Glasses', Materials Science and Engineering Reports, vol. 44, nos 2–3, pp. 45–89, دُوِي:10.1016/j.mser.2004.03.001
  • Warren J & Geballe T 1981, 'Research Opportunities in New Energy-Related Materials', Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 149–98, دُوِي:10.1016/0025-5416(81)90177-4
  • Weingart GW 1947, Pyrotechnics, 2nd ed., Chemical Publishing Company, New York
  • Wells AF 1984, Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed., Clarendon, Oxford, (ردمك 0-19-855370-6)
  • Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck LM & Stanley GG 2007, Chemistry, 8th ed., Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, (ردمك 0-495-01449-4)
  • Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, (ردمك 0-12-352651-5)
  • Wilkie CA & Morgan AB 2009, Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (ردمك 1-4200-8399-6)
  • Witt AF & Gatos HC 1968, 'Germanium', in CA Hampel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, Reinhold, New York, pp. 237–44
  • Wogan T 2014, "First experimental evidence of a boron fullerene", Chemistry World, 14 July
  • Woodward WE 1948, Engineering Metallurgy, Constable, London
  • WPI-AIM (World Premier Institute – Advanced Institute for Materials Research) 2012, 'Bulk Metallic Glasses: An Unexpected Hybrid', AIMResearch, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 30 April
  • Wulfsberg G 2000, Inorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito California, (ردمك 1-891389-01-7)
  • Xu Y, Miotkowski I, Liu C, Tian J, Nam H, Alidoust N, Hu J, Shih C-K, Hasan M & Chen YP 2014, 'Observation of Topological Surface State Quantum Hall Effect in an Intrinsic Three-dimensional Topological Insulator,' Nature Physics, vol, 10, pp. 956–963, دُوِي:10.1038/nphys3140
  • Yacobi BG & Holt DB 1990, Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum, New York, (ردمك 0-306-43314-1)
  • Yang K, Setyawan W, Wang S, Nardelli MB & Curtarolo S 2012, 'A Search Model for Topological Insulators with High-throughput Robustness Descriptors,' Nature Materials, vol. 11, pp. 614–619, دُوِي:10.1038/nmat3332
  • Yasuda E, Inagaki M, Kaneko K, Endo M, Oya A & Tanabe Y 2003, Carbon Alloys: Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology, Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 3–11 et seq, (ردمك 0-08-044163-7)
  • Yetter RA 2012, [https://cefrc.princeton.edu/sites/cefrc/files/Files/2012%20Lecture%20Notes/Yetter/Nanoengineered-Reactive-Materials-and-their-Combustion-and-Synthesis-revised.pdf Nanoengineered Reactive Materials and their Combustion and Synthesis, course notes, Princeton-CEFRC Summer School On Combustion, June 25–29, 2012, Penn State University
  • Young RV & Sessine S (eds) 2000, World of Chemistry, Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan, (ردمك 0-7876-3650-9)
  • Young TF, Finley K, Adams WF, Besser J, Hopkins WD, Jolley D, McNaughton E, Presser TS, Shaw DP & Unrine J 2010, 'What You Need to Know About Selenium', in PM Chapman, WJ Adams, M Brooks, CJ Delos, SN Luoma, WA Maher, H Ohlendorf, TS Presser & P Shaw (eds), Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment, CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 7–45, (ردمك 1-4398-2677-3)
  • Zalutsky MR & Pruszynski M 2011, 'Astatine-211: Production and Availability', Current Radiopharmaceuticals, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 177–185, دُوِي:10.2174/10177
  • Zhang GX 2002, 'Dissolution and Structures of Silicon Surface', in MJ Deen, D Misra & J Ruzyllo (eds), Integrated Optoelectronics: Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Philadelphia, PA, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, pp. 63–78, (ردمك 1-56677-370-9)
  • Zhang TC, Lai KCK & Surampalli AY 2008, 'Pesticides', in A Bhandari, RY Surampalli, CD Adams, P Champagne, SK Ong, RD Tyagi & TC Zhang (eds), Contaminants of Emerging Environmental Concern, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia, (ردمك 978-0-7844-1014-1), pp. 343–415
  • Zhdanov GS 1965, Crystal Physics, translated from the Russian publication of 1961 by AF Brown (ed.), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh
  • Zingaro RA 1994, 'Arsenic: Inorganic Chemistry', in RB King (ed.) 1994, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 192–218, (ردمك 0-471-93620-0)

لمزيد من القراءة

[عدل]
  • Brady JE, Humiston GE & Heikkinen H 1980, 'Chemistry of the Representative Elements: Part II, The Metalloids and Nonmetals', in General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, 2nd ed., SI version, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 537–591, (ردمك 0-471-06315-0)
  • Chedd G 1969, Half-way Elements: The Technology of Metalloids, Doubleday, New York
  • Choppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, 'Group IV and the Metalloids,' in Introductory Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, pp. 341–357
  • Dunstan S 1968, 'The Metalloids', in Principles of Chemistry, D. Van Nostrand Company, London, pp. 407–39
  • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–527, دُوِي:10.1021/ed059p526
  • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–7, دُوِي:10.1021/ed078p1686
  • Metcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF 1974, 'Aluminum and the Metalloids', in Modern Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 538–57, (ردمك 0-03-089450-6)
  • Moeller T, Bailar JC, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Castellion ME & Metz C 1989, 'Carbon and the Semiconducting Elements', in Chemistry, with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, pp. 742–75, (ردمك 0-15-506492-4)
  • Rieske M 1998, 'Metalloids', in Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences, Marshall Cavendish, New York, vol. 6, pp. 758–9, (ردمك 0-7614-0551-8) (set)
  • Rochow EG 1966, The Metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston
  • Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–7, دُوِي:10.1021/ed3008457

وصلات خارجية

[عدل]
في كومنز صور وملفات عن Metalloids.