^ ابE. F. Bleiler (1990). Science-fiction, the early years : a full description of more than 3,000 science-fiction stories from earliest times to the appearance of the genre magazines in 1930 : with author, title, and motif (بالإنجليزية). Kent: Kent State University Press. p. 484. ISBN:978-0-87338-416-2. OL:1853164M. QID:Q28797970. {{استشهاد بكتاب}}: الوسيط |at= and |pages= تكرر أكثر من مرة (help)
^Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 47. (ردمك 0-86576-008-X)
^Callow, James T. Kindred Spirits: Knickerbocker Writers and American Artists, 1807–1855. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1967: 149.
^Widmer, Edward L. Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999: 57. (ردمك 0-19-514062-1)