الناقل الوطني هي شركة نقل (مثل النقل الجوي أو البحري) مسجلة في دولة ما.[1][2][3] قد تكون مملوكة للدولة أو تديرها الدولة أو شركات محددة للدولة أو مؤسسات ذات حقوق وامتيازات تفضيلية من قبل الدولة. القانون البحري يجبر الطائرات والسفن على إظهار علم دولة التسجيل.
استُخدم المصطلح تاريخيًا للإشارة إلى شركات الطيران المملوكة للحكومات والمرتبطة بالهوية الوطنية لبلدانها. قد تُعرف هذه الشركات أيضًا بأنها شركات طيران وطنية، على أن هذا المصطلح قد يحمل معاني قانونية مختلفة في بعض الدول.[4] اليوم يُطلق على أي شركة طيران دولية لها صلة قوية ببلدها الأصلي أو تُمثله دوليًا سواء كانت مملوكة للحكومة أم لا ناقل وطني.[5][6]
تُعرف شركات النقل الوطنية أيضًا بهذا الاسم بسبب القوانين التي تتطلب من الطائرات أو السفن رفع علم الدولة التي تُسجل بها.[7] على سبيل المثال فبموجب القانون الأمريكي يُعتبر الناقل الجوي الذي يحمل علم الولايات المتحدة هو أي شركة طيران تحمل شهادة بموجب القسم 401 من قانون الطيران الفيدرالي لعام 1958 (أي أي شركة طيران دولية مقرها الولايات المتحدة)،[8] وأي سفينة مسجلة في الولايات المتحدة تُعرف بأنها سفينة ترفع علم الولايات المتحدة.[9]
يعد مصطلح «الناقل الوطني» تراثيا يعود إلى الوقت الذي كانت الدول فيه تقوم بإنشاء شركات طيران مملوكة لها. أخذت الحكومات السبق نظرا لارتفاع تكاليف إنشاء وتشغيل شركات الطيران. لكن لم تكن جميع شركات الطيران هذه مملوكة للحكومة. كانت كل من خطوط بان أمريكان العالمية وخطوط عبر العالم الجوية وكاثي باسيفيك وUnion de Transports Aériens والخطوط الجوية الباسيفيكية الكندية وخطوط أولمبيك الجوية شركات خاصة لكنها كانت تعتبر ناقل وطني[10] لأنها كانت "شركة الطيران الوطنية الرئيسية"[11] وغالبا ما تكون علامة للبلاد.[12][13]
كما أنهم نظموا صناعة الطيران بحيث كانت حقوق الطيران تتم بالمفاوضات بين الحكومات، وهي التي رفضت إعطاء شركات الطيران سوقا مفتوحة. وتحدد اتفاقات النقل الجوي الثنائية هذه المماثلة لاتفاقي برمودا الأولى وبرمودا الثانية حقوقا تمنح فقط لشركات الطيران المسجلة محليا. كما أنشأت بعض الدول شركات طيران مثل شركة طيران الشرق الأوسط اللبنانية[14] لأسباب قومية أو لمساعدة اقتصاد البلاد، لا سيما في مجال السياحة.[15]
تقدم الحكومات دعمًا مباشرًا لنمو شركات الطيران الوطنية من خلال الإعانات والحوافز المالية الأخرى في العديد من الحالات. قد يُحظر منافسة هذه الشركة عن طريق منع إنشاء شركات طيران محلية أخرى أو يُنظم بشكل صارم لمنع المنافسة المباشرة.[16] تُعطى الأفضلية لشركات النقل الوطنية حتى في الحالات التي يُسمح فيها بتأسيس شركات طيران خاصة، خاصةً في توزيع حقوق الطيران في الأسواق المحلية والدولية.[17] تحولت العديد من هذه الشركات إلى شركات عامة أو مؤسسات مملوكة للدولة نحو نهاية القرن العشرين،[18] بينما خُصخصت شركات أخرى بالكامل.[19] وقد حُررت صناعة الطيران تدريجيًا، مما أتاح المزيد من الحريات الجوية خاصة في الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد الأوروبي مع اتفاقية الأجواء المفتوحة.[20] ومن سمات هذه الاتفاقات حق الدول في أن يكون لها أكثر من "ناقل وطني".[21]
يسرد الرسم البياني أدناه شركات الطيران التي تعتبر "ناقل وطني" ، بناء على ملكية الدولة الحالية أو السابقة أو أي تسمية أخرى يمكن التحقق منها كشركة طيران وطنية.
Malaysia is the latest nation to see its flag carrier – a label that in times gone by indicated a government-owned airline, and one that embodied a country's national identity – teeter on the brink.
Kabul-based الخطوط الجوية الصافي is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
the Biden administration indirectly purchases plane tickets in bulk from Ariana Afghan Airlines, the country's state-owned airline
Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
The investment is beginning to pay dividends with flag carrier TAAG Angola Airlines increasing capacity by nearly 40% in the past year.
The Angolan government is the majority shareholder in TAAG.
At the same time, Argentina's state-owned flag carrier Aerolineas Argentinas is attempting to transition to a more commercially minded airline after years of bleeding cash and being propped by the former Argentinian government.
Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s.
Bangladesh Biman, the national carrier, was the sole airline that handled direct cargo flights to the UK.
This is the first direct purchase of Boeing aircraft for the Belarus flag carrier.
Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has decided to replace seven of its 10 Airbus A330s, but is sticking with A330ceos for its fleet renewal and long-haul expansion.
Lufthansa took full control of Brussels Airlines through its parent SN Airholding in late 2016 and replaced top management Feb. 5, as the group revamps the airline to be more closely integrated with Lufthansa Group's يورو وينجز low-fare division.
Drukair, the flag carrier of Eastern Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan, has signed a purchase agreement for one Airbus A320neo to support its growth plans and complement its existing fleet of three A319s.
BoA Regional, a new joint venture in Paraguay with Bolivia's national carrier Boliviana de Aviacion, is "going well" and the airline is busy "developing new routes and working on new traffic rights to Brazil", says Oliver.
Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at مطار صوفيا and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
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The Canadian flag carrier took delivery of its first Dreamliner in May 2014 and will receive a total of 29 new 787-9s by 2019, in addition to eight 787-8 aircraft already in operation.
This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile's flag carrier.
Chinese flag-carrier Air China has reached an agreement to acquire six Boeing 777-300ERs.
Boeing delivered the 500th 787 Dreamliner, a 787-8 to Colombia flag carrier Avianca, during the week of Dec. 22, 2016.
This is the third time in the past five years that the small central European state has tried to find a way of divesting itself of a controlling interest in the national carrier.
Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
Effective November 1, the state-owned national carrier of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) plans to operate a multiple-weekly service between Kinshasa N'Djili and Johannesburg O.R. Tambo, South Africa using A320-200 equipment.
African flag carrier Air Djibouti has taken delivery of its first Boeing 737 as it prepares to launch commercial operations.
The state-owned carrier is initiating a major transformation strategy to increase revenues, develop new revenue streams by June 2016 and improve efficiencies.
Faroese national carrier Atlantic Airways anticipates a move into the ACMI market as it attempts to offset the effect of new competition on its primary route.
Flag carrier Fiji Airways will increase flight frequencies on its Fiji (Nadi International)-Hong Kong International route from Oct. 25.
The two men masterminded Europe's first merger between two flag carriers in 2004.
But most of all the flag carrier will need to get its financial situation under control.
German flag-carrier Lufthansa appears to have cancelled orders for three إيرباص إيه 380s.
Greek flag carrier Aegean Airlines recorded a net loss of €21.5 million ($24 million) for 1Q 2016, widened from a €8.3 million net loss for the year-ago quarter.
Air Greenland has joined the European Regions Airline Association (ERA), bringing the number of airlines in membership to 53. The flag carrier of Greenland is the third airline to join ERA this year.
For the Hong Kong flag carrier, retiring 747-400s are being replaced largely by 777-300ERs.
The threat of a potentially lengthy strike hung over Iceland's national airline, Icelandair, on Friday after the company's mechanics announced plans for industrial action.
With 102 aircraft in service, the state-owned flag carrier is still a big beast, but with just 11 on order it looks set to slip down the fleet size table.
Indonesian flag carrier Garuda Indonesia may be forced to add a stopover to its recently introduced Jakarta-Amsterdam nonstop service as a result of runway certification problems at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta.
The aircraft was handed over to the Iranian flag carrier at Airbus's final assembly line site at Toulouse, France on March 10.
Israeli flag carrier El Al received its 50th aircraft, a Next-Generation 737-900ER.
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Bombardier also said Ivory Coast's national airline, Air Cote d'Ivoire, has agreed to buy two Q400 NextGen aircraft.
The board of beleaguered carrier Caribbean Airlines, the national airline of Trinidad and Tobago, has reportedly undertaken an evaluation of the airline's routes as its long-haul operation to London continues to underperform.
The Japan flag carrier expects its net profit to slip to ¥110 billion in the fiscal year through March 2019.
Air Astana is a joint venture between Kazakhstan's national wealth fund Samruk Kazyna and BAE Systems, with respective shares of 51% and 49%.
ليفينغستون (زامبيا) will become the Kenyan flag carrier's second زامبياn destination, alongside capital city لوساكا.
Kuwaiti national carrier Kuwait Airways is to complete switching over its booking, ticketing and reservations system to the Amadeus Altéa Suite of products within the next six months.
The state-owned carrier, which had been in the doldrums for much of the 1990s and 2000s, is undergoing a major re-fleeting exercise.
Lao Airlines, the national carrier of Laos, will add a new route to its 19-destination network across the landlocked Southeast Asian country.
Latvian national carrier airBaltic will be the launch customer for the CS300 version of Bombardier's CSeries, the manufacturer announced at the Dubai Air Show Nov. 8.
Libyan flag carrier Afriqiyah Airways unveiled its new livery at an event in the Rixos Al Nasr Hotel, Tripoli on 19 December.
The country's two state-owned airlines, الخطوط الجوية الليبية and Afriqiyah Airlines, which both suffered extensive damage to aircraft, resumed operations late 2011 and are gradually reestablishing their pre-war networks as aircraft return to service.
Libya's national carrier and state-owned Libyan Airlines has taken delivery of its first إيرباص إيه 330, a 259-seater plane that will be used on the carrier's longer-haul routes.
The flag carrier hopes it can eventually improve yields across both cabins, leveraging the improvements in its product and new membership in تحالف عالم واحد.
The Mauritanian flag carrier operates a fleet that includes one Boeing 737-700NG and two 737-500s.
In March 2016, the island's flag carrier Air Mauritius said it would move its Southeast Asian hub from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Singapore's Changi.
The Mongolian flag carrier is expected to operate the 737 MAX aircraft on existing routes to South Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Germany and future new routes.
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All carriers from Mozambique, including flag-carrier LAM, are being placed on the European Union's blacklist of airlines, in addition to a pair of Boeing 767s operating for Air Madagascar.
Myanmar flag carrier Myanmar National Airlines has taken delivery of the first of six إيه تي آر 72s as part of a $296 million order for the regional turboprop aircraft.
The Dutch flag carrier also added a twice-weekly Amsterdam-Salt Lake City service on May 5, becoming 3X-weekly from July 4.
The New Zealand flag carrier will launch two new routes to Australia and will add frequencies elsewhere, boosting capacity by 15% in the Australia-New Zealand market.
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If sightings of the Ilyushin Il-18, a Cold War era Russian large turboprop that first flew in 1957 and had its heyday in the 1960s, are fairly scarce these days – with 11 examples in service – ticking off the one example flown by Air Koryo must rank high on any planespotter's wishlist. North Korean travel agencies offer trips to enthusiasts to fly on aircraft belonging to the flag-carrier, described by one unkind journalist as the "world's only one-star airline".
Since the Oman Government took majority ownership in early 2007, the airline has lost a staggering ريال عماني295 million (USD766.9 million).
According to the Pakistan flag carrier, the A330s will be used primarily for a 6X-weekly premier service to London Heathrow, which is being launched Aug. 14.
Avmax leased one Bombardier Dash 8-Q315 to Air Niugini, the National Airline of Papua New Guinea.
Filipino flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL) plans to launch Cebu-Los Angeles (LAX) service from March 2016.
LOT Polish Airlines has become the launch customer for aircraft seating newcomer LIFT by EnCore, with the company's first product entering service on the Polish flag carrier's Boeing 737 MAXs.
...La Reunion's national carrier, Air Austral, is planning to take a similar approach to some destinations in its long-haul network.
Russian flag-carrier Aeroflot has agreed to take another 20 Sukhoi Superjet 100s, under a tentative agreement with the airframer.
The government of Samoa said the South Pacific country's state-owned airline must remain financially self-sufficient, as it relaunches international services. Samoa Airways began scheduled services with a flight to Auckland, New Zealand, on Nov. 14, and also will offer service to Australia.
STP Airways - the national airline of São Tomé and Príncipe has signed a wet lease contract with Portugal's regional operator Sevenair to operate flights between the country's islands.
Air Senegal, the new Senegalese national airline, has signed a firm contract for two ATR 72-600s at the Paris Air Show.
The Serbia flag carrier said the full-year results were achieved on the back of "significant growth" in passenger numbers, which increased 11% to 2.55 million year-over-year (YOY).
The government of Serbia retains a 51% majority stake.
Pacific island flag carrier Solomon Airlines will resume services following a grounding of its fleet over a payment dispute with its main funding partner, the Solomon Islands government.
Singapore flag carrier Singapore Airlines (SIA) plans to participate in a $20 million government-led initiative to promote inbound travel to Singapore.
State-owned carrier Sudan Airways, known for its delays, has lost out to new carriers offering better service.
The country's flag carrier is Surinam Airways, a small airline with ambitions to carve out a profitable niche connecting this former Dutch colony with the world.
SWISS, the national airline of Switzerland, has a fleet of A319s, A320s, A321s, A330s and A340s.
Taiwanese flag carrier China Airlines has taken delivery of its first of 10 بوينغ 777s.
the government of the Republic of China still holds an indirect but majority shareholding.
Aero Dili, the new flag carrier of Timor-Leste, has launched its second international destination.
The Thailand flag carrier ceased Moscow operations in March 2015 because of weak demand.
As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the اتفاقية شيكاغو للطيران المدني الدولي, but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares.
The Istanbul-based flag carrier flies to 45 domestic and 226 international destinations in 109 countries and operates 274 aircraft, comprising 62 widebody, 202 narrowbody and 10 cargo aircraft.
The flag carrier of Turkmenistan operates scheduled flights on 15 routes in 11 أوروباan and آسياn countries including فرانكفورت، لندن، موسكو، بكين and إسطنبول.
The aircraft will be the first B777-300ERs in Turkmenistan Airlines' fleet, although the state-owned carrier already operates four B777-200(LR)s.
While a relatively large country (both in land mass and population – it has about 45 million people), the Ukrainian market (like many other markets in Eastern Europe) cannot easily sustain two large flag carriers, particularly as low-cost competition continues to increase.
The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to دمشق remain operational.
UK flag carrier British Airways (BA) continued to be the most profitable unit, with a 9.9% operating margin, followed by Iberia (1%).
In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987.
The flag carrier of the Republic of Uzbekistan has trained 18 pilots and two pilot-instructors for the new aircraft type.
The Yemen national carrier said it was suspending flight operations "until further notice due to the prevalent unfavorable operational situation and restriction imposed on Yemen airspace".
Government-owned flag carrier Air Zimbabwe currently operates only two international routes although it has been trying for some time to resume more international services.