ৰাফায়েল

ৰাফায়েল
ৰাফায়েলৰ চিত্ৰ[1]
নাম	Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
জন্ম	২৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৪৮৩ বা ৬ এপ্ৰিল, ১৪৮৩ Urbino, Marche, ইটালী
মৃত্যু	৬ এপ্ৰিল, ১৫২০ (৩৭ বছৰ) ৰোম, ইটালী
দেশ	ইটালীয়
পেচা	চিত্ৰকলা আৰু স্থাপত্য
বিপ্লৱ	উচ্চ নৱজাগৰণ

ৰাফায়েল (ইংৰাজী: Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino)^[2] ইটালীৰ এগৰাকী যশস্বী শিল্পী তথা স্থপতিবিদ। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজি বিশেষকৈ বিষয়বস্তুৰ স্পষ্টতা (clarity of form) তথা সৃষ্টিৰ সৰলতা (ease of composition)ৰ বাবে প্ৰসিদ্ধ। মাইকেলেঞ্জেল' আৰু লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সিৰ লগতে এইগৰাকী শিল্পীক সেইসময়ৰ অন্যতম পথ-প্ৰদৰ্শক শিল্পী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।^[3]

জীৱনী

ৰাফায়েলৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ইটালীৰ মাৰ্চে (Marche) অঞ্চলৰ আৰ্বিন' (Urbino) নামৰ এখন সৰু চহৰত।^[4] এই চহৰতে তেওঁৰ পিতৃ জিঅ'ভেনি চান্তি (Giovanni Santi) য়ে ডিউকৰ সভাসদত শিল্পী ( court painter) হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।

ৰাফায়েলে কিশোৰ কালত অংকন কৰা সম্ভাৱ্য আত্ম-প্ৰতিকৃতি

১৪৯১ চনত ৰাফায়েলৰ আঠ বছৰ বয়সতে মাতৃ মাগিয়া ( Màgia) মৃত্যুমুখত পৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে ১৪৯৪ চনত তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰো মৃত্যু হয়। কমবয়সতে মাউৰা হৈ পৰা ৰাফায়েলে খুড়াকৰ তত্ত্বাবধানত ডাঙৰ হয়। তেওঁৰ কৈশোৰ অৱস্থাতে অঁকা এখন স্ব-প্ৰতিকৃতিৰ যোগেদি ৰাফায়েলে পোন-প্ৰথমে প্ৰতিভাৰ পৰিচয় দিয়ে।^[5] পৰৱৰ্ত্তীকালত তেওঁ আৰ্বিন'ত অন্য এগৰাকী শিল্পী পাওল' উচ্ছেল' (Paolo Uccello) ৰ সান্নিধ্যলৈ আহে আৰু অংকন সম্পৰ্কীয় কিছু প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰে।^[6]

কৰ্মৰাজি

• 
  The Mond Crucifixion, 1502-3, very much in the style of Perugino
• 
  The Coronation of the Virgin 1502-3
• 
  The Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period.
• 
  Saint George and the Dragon, a small work (29 x 21 cm) for the court of Urbino.
• 
  The Ansidei Madonna, ca. 1505, beginning to move on from Perugino
• 
  The Madonna of the Meadow, ca. 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.^[7]
• 
  Saint Catherine of Alexandria, 1507, borrows from the pose of Leonardo's Leda^[8]
• 
  Deposition of Christ, 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi.
• 
  Stanza della Segnatura
• 
  The Mass at Bolsena, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro
• 
  Deliverance of Saint Peter, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro
• 
  The Fire in the Borgo, 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design.
• 
  Galatea,1512, his only major mythology, for Chigi's villa.
• 
  The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, 1515, one of the seven remaining Raphael Cartoons for tapestries.
• 
  Il Spasimo 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art.
• 
  Transfiguration, 1520, unfinished at his death.
• 
  Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga, ca. 1504
• 
  Portrait of Pope Julius II, ca. 1512
• 
  Portrait of Bindo Altoviti, ca. 1514
• 
  Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione, ca. 1515.
• 
  Study for soldiers in this Resurrection of Christ, ca 1500.
• 
  Red chalk study for the Villa Farnesina Three Graces
• 
  Sheet with study for the Alba Madonna and other sketches
• 
  Developing the composition for a Madonna and Child
• 
  The Massacre of the Innocents, engraving by (?) Raimondi from a design by Raphael. The version "without fir tree".
• 
  Judgement of Paris, still influencing Manet, who used the seated group in his most famous work.
• 
  Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the Villa Farnesina

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

1. Jones and Penny, p. 171. The portrait of Raphael is probably "a later adaptation of the one likeness which all agree on", that in The School of Athens, vouched for by Vasari.
2. Variants include "Raffaello Santi", "Raffaello da Urbino" or "Rafael Sanzio da Urbino". The surname Sanzio derives from the latinization of the Italian Santi into Santius. He normally signed documents as "Raphael Urbinas"—a latinized form. Gould:207
3. See, for example Honour, Hugh; John Fleming (1982). A World History of Art. প্ৰকাশক London: Macmillan Reference Books. পৃষ্ঠা. 357. ISBN 9780333235836. OCLC 8828368. 
4. Urbino: The Story of a Renaissance City By June Osborne, p.39 on the population, as a "few thousand" at most; even today it is only 15,000 without the students of the University
5. Ashmolean Museum "Image". z.about.com. http://z.about.com/d/arthistory/1/0/W/O/raphael_colonna_01.jpg. 
6. Jones and Penny: 4-5, 8 and 20
7. "Image". szepmuveszeti.hu. http://www.szepmuveszeti.hu/image/journal/article?img_id=SZEPMUVESZETI.EN.075.kep&version=1.0. 
8. The Royal Collection. "Gold ring with an onyx cameo of Ariadne". royalcollection.org.uk. http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?searchText=&title=&rccode=&makerName=Raphael&category=&collector=&theme=&startYear=&endYear=&object=912759&row=2&detail=magnify। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 26 August 2010. 

লগতে চাওক

• Blunt, Anthony, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450-1660, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0-19-881050-4
• Gould, Cecil, The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools, National Gallery Catalogues, London 1975, ISBN 0-947645-22-5
• Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny, Raphael, Yale, 1983, ISBN 0-300-03061-4
• Landau, David in:David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, 1996, ISBN 0-300-06883-2
• Pon, Lisa, Raphael, Dürer, and Marcantonio Raimondi, Copying and the Italian Renaissance Print, 2004, Yale UP, ISBN 978-0-300-09680-4
• Shearman, John; Raphael in Early Modern Sources 1483-1602, 2003, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09918-5
• Vasari, Life of Raphael from the Lives of the Artists, edition used: Artists of the Renaissance selected & ed Malcolm Bull, Penguin 1965 (page nos from BCA edn, 1979)
• Wölfflin, Heinrich; Classic Art; An Introduction to the Renaissance, 1952 in English (1968 edition), Phaidon, New York.
• The standard source of biographical information is now: V. Golzio, Raffaello nei documenti nelle testimonianze dei contemporanei e nella letturatura del suo secolo, Vatican City and Westmead, 1971
• The Cambridge Companion to Raphael, Marcia B. Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-80809-X,
• New catalogue raisonné in several volumes, still being published, Jürg Meyer zur Capellen, Stefan B. Polter, Arcos, 2001-2008
• Raphael, Pier Luigi De Vecchi, Abbeville Press, 2003. ISBN 0789207702
• Raphael, Bette Talvacchia, Phaidon Press, 2007. ISBN 9780714847863
• Raphael, John Pope-Hennessy, New York University Press, 1970, ISBN 0-8147-0476-X
• Raphael: From Urbino to Rome; Hugo Chapman, Tom Henry, Carol Plazzotta, Arnold Nesselrath, Nicholas Penny, National Gallery Publications Limited, 2004, ISBN 1-85709-999-0 (exhibition catalogue)
• The Raphael Trail: The Secret History of One of the World's Most Precious Works of Art; Joanna Pitman, 2006. ISBN 0091901715
• Raphael - A Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries, catalogue raisonné by Luitpold Dussler published in the United States by Phaidon Publishers, Inc., 1971, ISBN 0-7148-1469-5 (out of print, but there is an online version here [1])
• Wolk-Simon, Linda. (2006). Raphael at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588391889.

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

• Raphael Research Resource from the National Gallery, London
• V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons
• Ten drawings and three paintings from the Royal Collection
• Web Gallery of Art
• Most of the Raphael/Raimondi prints from the San Francisco Museums
• Raphael Project/Raffael Projekt
• Website of Teylers Museum on the provenance of the Raphael drawings in the museum's collection.