[[Файл:Sheikh-safi.jpg|thumb|Сәфи әд-Дин кәшәнәһе
[[Файл:1541-Battle in the war between Shah Isma'il and the King of Shirvan-Shahnama-i-Isma'il.jpg|left|thumb|170px|Шаһ Исмәғил һәм ширваншаһ Фәррух Ясар араһында алыш]]
↑ 3,03,1John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", Encyclopædia Iranica, January 24, 2006: "...written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"
↑Rudi Matthee, "SafavidsАрхивная копия от 24 май 2019 на Wayback Machine" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
↑Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, V, pp. 514-15. excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"
Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish and Persian. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)
↑Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran // Iranian Studies. — 2013. — Vol. 46. — № 4. — С. 569—581.
↑Cambridge History of Iran, 1986, p. 951: «So much for one notable regional development. On a larger scale what demands attention is the marked interest the Safavid monarchs themselves took in the Turkish language, in addition to the factor already touched upon, that most of th expression used in the goverment, court andarmy were in that language.»
↑Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective - "the Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
↑Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period"Архивная копия от 22 апрель 2022 на Wayback Machine. Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86—87. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
↑Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
↑Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"
↑Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."
↑«Mission to the Lord Sophy of Persia, (1539- 1542) / Michele Membré ; translated with introduction and notes by A.H. Morton», p. 10-11
Прозвище «кызыл-баши» скоро стало синонимом Сефевидов. В русских документах XVI—XVII вв. династия и государство Сефевидов преимущественно именуются кызыл-башами.
↑История Востока. — Восточная Литература, 2000. — Т. III. — С. 100. Основанное Исмаилом I Сефевидом (1502—1524) государство чаще всего и называлось Доулет-е Кызылбаш, то есть Кызылбашское государство.
↑Solaiman M. Fazel. Ethnohistory of the Qizilbash in Kabul: Migration, State, and a Shi’a Minority. — P. 83.
Оригинал текст(инг.)
Thus, the Safavid State became synonymous with the expressions: kalamraw-i Qizilbash, Qizilbash Realm, and mamlikat-i Qizilbash, Qizilbash Country. At the same time, the person of Shah was not only the Murshid-e Kamil, but he was now also referred to as the Padishah-e Qizilbash, or the Qizilbash Shah (Munshi 1616, 206).
↑Корганян Н. К., Папазян А. П. Абраам Кретаци, Повествование. — С. 290.
Оригинал текст(рус.)
Число этих шиитских племён, говоривших н азербайджанском языке, впоследствии значительно возросло. Сефевиды пришли к власти, опираясь на военную силу кызылбашей, поэтому государство Сефевидов называлось Кызылбашской державой (Доулет-и Кызылбаш).
Safevî Devleti’nin kurulmasıyla birlikte kızılbaş ismi, devlet bünyesinde kurucu unsuru teşkil etmesi bakımından “Türk yahut Türkmen”, daha sonra mülkî idarede ağırlıklı olarak muharip gücü teşkil etmesi bakımından “askerî aristokrasi” anlamında kullanılmıştır (EI² [İng.], V, 244). Bu çerçevede kızılbaş oymakları “tavâif-i kızılbaş”, emîrler “ümerâ-yi kızılbaş”, ordu “leşker-i kızılbaş”, hükümdar “pâdişah-ı kızılbaş”, devlet ise “ülke-i kızılbaş, devlet-i kızılbaş” adlarıyla anılmıştır (Sümer, s. 150).
↑Кутелия Т. Грузия и Сефевидский Иран (по данным нумизматики).
↑Бушев П. П. История посольств и дипломатических отношений Русского и Иранского государств в 1613—1621 гг.
Safevi Devleti'nin XVI. asır metinlerinde geçen adı Türkmen Devleti'dir.
↑Эдмунд Босуорт. «Мусульманские династии» (Перевод с английского и nримечания П. А. Грязневича), страница 226
↑F. Daftary, «Intellectual Traditions in Islam», I.B.Tauris, 2001. pg 147: «But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan»
↑Savory. Ebn Bazzaz. 2017 йыл 17 ноябрь архивланған. // Encyclopædia Iranica: «Shah Ṭahmāsb (930-84/1524-76) ordered Mīr Abu’l-Fatḥ Ḥosaynī to produce a revised edition of the Ṣafwat al-ṣafāʾ. This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams.»
↑Roger Savory. Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press, 2007
↑ 59,059,1Encyclopaedia of Islam. SAFAWIDS. «There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safawid family hailed from Persian Kurdistān, and later moved to Azerbaijan, finally settling in the 5th/11th century at Ardabīl»
↑B. Nikitine. Essai d’analyse du afvat al-Safā. Journal asiatique. Paris. 1957, с. 386.
↑Walther Hinz. Irans aufstieg zum nationalstaat im fünfzehnten jahrhundert. Walter de Gruyter & co., 1936
↑Riza Yildirim. «Turkomans between Two Empires:The Origins of the Qizilbash Identity in Anatolia (1447–1514)». — С. 158.
↑Lucien-Louis Bellan. «Chah 'Abbas I Ier: sa vie, son histoire».
↑M. Ismail Marcinkowski. «From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts Between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century».
↑Zeki Velidi Togan, Sur l’origine des Safavides, в Mélanges Louis Massignon, Institut français de Damas, 1957, с. 345—357.
↑Shah Isma’il I (1500—24), the founder of the Safavid dynasty of Azeri origin, made the Shi’a branch of Islam the official religion of the kingdom of Persia, thus setting the Azéris firmly apart from the ethnically and linguistically similar Ottoman Turks, who were Sunni Muslims. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003. Europa Publications Staff, Europa Publications, Eur, Imogen Bell, Europa Publications Limited. Taylor & Francis, 2002. ISBN 1-85743-137-5, 9781857431377. Azerbaijan. History by Prof. Tadeusz Swietochowski. p. 104
↑In the sixteenth century there came into being a great Persian empire. It was founded by an Azeri Turk named Ismail, leader of a religious sect which dated from the early fourteenth century, had long been confined to the Ardabil district of the north-west, and merged with Shi’ism in the mid-fifteenth. Hugh Seton-Watson. Nations and States: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Nations and the Politics of Nationalism. Taylor & Francis, 1977. ISBN 0-416-76810-5, 9780416768107
The Azeri Turks are Shiʿites and were founders of the Safavid dynasty.
↑Roger M. Savory. «Safavids» in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil Inalci: «History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century», Taylor & Francis. 1999. Excerpt from pg 259: «Доказательства, имеющиеся в настоящее время, приводят к уверенности, что семья Сефевидов имеет местное иранское происхождение, а не тюркское, как это иногда утверждают. Скорее всего, семья возникла в Персидском Курдистане, а затем перебралась в Азербайджан, где приняла азербайджанский язык, и в конечном итоге поселилась в маленьком городе Ардебиль где-то в одиннадцатом веке (the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century.)».
↑ 104,0104,1Babak Rahimi Between Chieftancy and Knighthood: A Comparative Study of Ottoman and Safavid Origins // Thesis Eleven. — 2004. — Т. 76. — № 1. — С. 85—102. — DOI:10.1177/0725513604040111
↑Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran // Iranian Studies
As noted above, the fact that the court language was '''Azerbaijani Turkish''' of course promoted the use of that language in the capital cities (respectively, Tabriz, Qazvin, and Isfahan). In fact, at court more Turkish was spoken than Persian. In 1607, the Carmelites reported that «the Turkish language is usually spoken and understood and the Shah [`Abbas I] and chief men and soldiers generally speak in it. The common people speak Persian, and all documents and communications are in that language.» The court ceremonial was also in Azerbaijani Turkish. The Italian traveler Pietro della Valle wrote: "that the Qizilbash grandees told him that: ‹Persian is a very soft and sweet language, and really used by women for poetry, but Turkish is manly and fit for warriors; therefore, the shah and the emirs of the state speak Turkish. Under Shah `Abbas II, the Carmelites reported that «Turki [not Osmanli Turkish] was the language of the court and widely used in Isfahan and in the north.» Chardin explicitly states about the Qizilbash, «these people, as well as their language, are so widespread in the northern part of the country, and later at court, and therefore, mistakenly all Iranians are called Qizilbash.» In 1660, Raphael du Mans wrote: «the every day language of Iran is Persian for the common people, [Azerbaijani] Turkish for the court.» According to Kaempfer, who was in Iran in the 1670s, «[Azerbaijani] Turkish is the common language at the Iranian court as well as the mother tongue of the Safavids in distinction of the language of the general populace. The use of [Azerbaijani] Turkish spread from the court to the magnates and notables and finally to all those who hope to benefit from the shah, so that nowadays it is almost considered shameful for a respectable man not to know [Azerbaijani] Turkish.» The French missionary Sanson, who lived in Iran between 1684—1695, states that Iranians regularly invoked the spiritual power of the king by using expression such as «qorban olim, din imanum padshah, bachunha dunim».
Петрушевский И. П. Государства Азербайджана в XV в. / Сборник статей по истории Азербайджана. — Вып. первый. — Б.: АН Азербайджанской ССР, 1949. — С. 153—214.
Петрушевский И. П. Азербайджан в XVI—XVII веках. Сборник статьёй по истории Азербайджана. — Вып. первый. — Б.: АН Азербайджанской ССР, 1949. — С. 225—298.
Эфендиев О. А. Азербайджанское государство Сефевидов в XVI веке / Редактор академик А. А. Ализаде. — Б.: Элм, 1981. — 306 с.
Vladimir Minorsky. The Poetry of Shah Ismail // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. — Vol. 10. No. 4, 1942.
Ronald W. Ferrier. The Arts of Persia. — Yale University Press, 1989.
Rudi Matthee Was Safavid Iran an Empire? // Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. — 2010. — Т. 53. — № 1/2, Empires and Emporia: The Orient in World Historical Space and Time (2010). — С. 233—265.
David Thomas, John A. Chesworth. Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600—1700). — BRILL, 2017. — 730 с. — ISBN 900434604X. — ISBN 9789004346048.
Riza Yildirim. Turkomans between Two Empires: The Origins of the Qizilbash Identity in Anatolia (1447—1514). — Ankara, 2008.