Louisa May Alcott

Si Louisa May Alcott (/ˈɔːlkət, -kɒt/; Nobyembre 29, 1832 - Marso 6, 1888) sarong Amerikanong nobelista asin para-rawit na mas bistado bilang tagasurat kan nobelang Little Women (1868) asin an kasunod kaini na Little Men (1871) asin Jo's Boys (1886).^[1] Siya pinadakula sa New England kan saiyang mga transendentalistang mga magurang na sina Abigail May asin Amos Bronson Alcott, nagdakula siya kairiba an mga sikat na intelektewal asin parasurat na sina Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, asin Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

An pamilya Alcott nagdanas nin pagsakit pinansyal, kaya habang siya nagtatrabaho para sa saiyang pamilya sa joven na edad, nakakua siya nin inspirasyon sa pagsusurat. Nagpuon siyang makaresibe nin mga positibong kritiko sa saiyang pagsurat puon kan dekada 1860. Sa mga inot niyang taon sa pagsurat, pirmi niyang ginagamit na saiyang gaha na A. M. Barnard, sa irarom kan ngaran na ini nagsurat siya nin mga nobelang para sa mga jovenes na an istorya patungkol sa espiya.

Ipinublikar kan 1868, an Little Women nakabase sa saindang harong sa Orchard House sa Concorc, Massahusetts asin ini manungod sa saiyang mga eksperiyensiya kan siya aki pa kaiba an saiyang tulong tugang na babayi. An nobela magaya-gayang inako kan publiko asin ini sikat pa sa ngunyan bialng sarong nobelang pangaki, ni man nagibuhan na nin mga pelikula.

Si Alcott sarong abolisyonista, feminista asin mayong agom. Siya nagadan sa stroke, duwang aldaw pagkalihis kan pagkagadan kan saiyang ama, sa Boston kan Marso 6, 1888.

Pagbuhay-buhay

Louisa May Alcott, namundag kan Nobyembre 29, 1832 sa Germantown, na ngunyan parte na kan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, sa ika-33 anyos na edad kan saiyang ama. Aki siya kan sarong trasendentalista asin paratukdo na si Amos Bronson Alcott asin sarong sosyal worker na si Abby May, siya panduwa sa apat na babaying aki: Anna Bronson Alcott, pinakamatua, Elizabeth Sewall Alcott asin Abigail May Alcott and duwang sunod niyang mga tugang. An saindang pamilya naglipat sa Boston kan 1834, kun saen ang saiyang ama nagtindog nin eksperimental na eskwelahan asin nagsali sa Transcendental Club kaiba sina Ralph Waldo Emerson asin Henry David Thoreau. An mga opinyon ni Bronson Alcott sa edukasyon asin an saiyang mga maiisog na pagtubod sa pagpadakula nin aki, kasabay an saiyang problemang mental ang nakatabang sa paghubog kan pagiisip ni Louisa na magibo nin mga perpektong bagay asin magi man na sarong transendentalista. An pagaprobar kan saiyang ama sa saiyang maiisog asin independenteng pag-iisip, asin ang kakulangan kani sa pagutob kan pangangaipo kan pamilya an nagkwasa nin problema sa pagitan kan saiyang ama laban sa saiyang ina asin mga tugang.

Kan 1840, matapos an pirang pagkaproblema sa eskwelahan kan saiyang ama, an pamilya Alcott naglipat na sa sarong harong na nasa 2 ektarya (0.81 ha) na daga. Tulong taon sinda sa nirentahan na Hosmer Cottage na inaapod na idyllic. Kan 1843, an pamilya Alcott, kaiba an anum(6) na miyembro kan pamilya Consociate, naglipat sa Utopian Fruitlands na komunidad sa halipot na taon, 1843-1844, Sa pagkawasak kan Utopian Fruitlands, nagrenta sinda nin mga kwarto, asin sa pagkakua ni Abigail May Alcott kan saiyang parte sa mana asin sa mga tabang pinansyal ni Emerson, nabakal ninda an saindang magiging harong sa Concord. Naglipat sinda sa saindang harong na inapod nindang "Hillside" kan Abril 1, 1845, pero naglipat man sinda kan 1852, asin an harong pinabakal kay Nathaniel Hawthorne na pinangaran man nin "The Wayside." Sa paglipat-lipat nin 22 beses sa laog kan 30 taon, an mga Alcott nagbalik sa Concord kan 1857, asin naglipat sa Orchard House kan 1858.

Kaiba sina Elizabeth Stoddard, Rebecca Harding Davis, Anne Moncure Crane, asin iba pa, si Alcott nagin parte kan grupo kan mga babaying parasurat kan inaapod na Gilded Age, sinda nagtutuligsar kan mga isyung pambabayi sa moderno asin diretsong paagi. An saindang mga gibo, na ayon sa sarong kolumnista sa saindang panahon nagsabi, "saro sa mga simbolismo kan panahon."

Mga piling gibo

An "Little Women" trilohiya

Little Women o Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868)

An ikaduwang parte kan Little Women, na mas bisto bilang "Good Wives", ipinublikar kan 1869, asin pakatapos kaidto ipinublikar na kaiba an Little Women.

Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys (1871)
Jo's Boys and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men" (1886)

Mga nobela

The Inheritance (1849, unpublished until 1997)
Moods (1865, revised 1882)
The Mysterious Key and What It Opened (1867)
An Old Fashioned Girl (1870)
Will's Wonder Book (1870)
Work: A Story of Experience (1873)
Beginning Again, Being a Continuation of Work (1875)
Eight Cousins or The Aunt-Hill (1875)
Rose in Bloom: A Sequel to Eight Cousins (1876)
Under the Lilacs (1878)
Jack and Jill: A Village Story (1880)
Proverb Stories (1882)

Bilang si A. M. Barnard

Behind a Mask, o ang inaapod na Woman's Power (1866)
The Abbot's Ghost, or Maurice Treherne's Temptation (1867)
A Long Fatal Love Chase (1866; first published 1995)

Sekretong pagbunsod

A Modern Mephistopheles (1877)

Koleksiyon kan haralipot na istoryang pang-aki

Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag (1872–1882). (66 na istorya sa 6 na tomo)
- 1. Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag
- 2. Shawl-Straps
- 3. Cupid and Chow-Chow
- 4. My Girls, Etc.
- 5. Jimmy's Cruise in the Pinafore, Etc.
- 6. An Old-Fashioned Thanksgiving, Etc.
Lulu's Library (1886–1889) koleksiyon kan 32 istorya sa 3 tomo
Flower Fables (1849)
On Picket Duty, and other tales (1864)
Morning-Glories and Other Stories (1867) walong istorya asin apat na rawitdawit paea sa aki, kasali an: *A Strange Island, (1868); * The Rose Family: A Fairy Tale (1864), A Christmas Song, Morning Glories, Shadow-Children, Poppy's Pranks, What the Swallows did, Little Gulliver, The Whale's story, Goldfin and Silvertail.
Kitty's Class Day and Other Stories (Three Proverb Stories), 1868, (includes "Kitty's Class Day", "Aunt Kipp" and "Psyche's Art")
Spinning-Wheel Stories* (1884). Koleksiyon kan 12 halipot na istorya.
The Candy Country (1885) (Sarong istorya)
May Flowers (1887) (Sarong istorya)
Mountain-Laurel and Maidenhair (1887) (Sarong istorya)
A Garland for Girls (1888). Koleksiyon kan walong halipot na istorya.
The Brownie and the Princess (2004). Koleksiyon kan sampolong istorya.

Iba pang haralipot na istorya asin mga sadit na nobela

Thoreau's Flute (1863)
Hospital Sketches (1863)
Pauline's Passion and Punishment
Perilous Play, (1869)(One short story)
Lost in a Pyramid, or the Mummy's Curse
Transcendental Wild Oats (1873) Sarong halipot na istorya manungod sa pamilya Alcott asin an Transendentalistant Pagtubod
Silver Pitchers, and Independence: A Centennial Love Story" (1876)
Comic Tragedies (1893 [posthumous]

Sa sikat na kultura

1933: Little Women, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1934: Little Men, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1940: Little Men, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1949: Little Women, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1949: An Old-Fashioned Girl, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1958: Little Women, a series based on the novel.
1970: Little Women, a series based on the novel.
1978: Little Women, a series based on the novel.
1981: Little Women, an anime based on the novel.
1987: Tales of Little Women, an anime based on Little Women.
1994: Little Women, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1997: The Inheritance, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1998: <i id="mwAWI">Little Men</i>, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.
1998: Little Men, a T.V. show based on the novel.
2008: An Old Fashioned Thanksgiving, pelikulang bersyon kan halipot na istorya.
2009: American Masters, PBS, episode Louisa May Alcott – The Woman Behind 'Little Women'
2016: Google Doodle ginibo kan Google artist na si Sophie Diao.
Little Women, a miniseries of the novel.
2018: Little Women, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela, sa modernong panahon.
2019: Little Women, pelikulang bersyon kan nobela.

Toltolan

↑ Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (August 1, 2000). Encyclopedia of women's history in America. Infobase Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8.

Bibliograpiya

Shealy, Daniel, ed. (2005). Alcott in Her Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of Her Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends and Associates. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-938-X.

Iba pang babasahon

Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury; Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau: Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6461-7.
Eiselein, Gregory and Anne K. Phillips (eds.

Elbert, Sarah. A Hunger for Home: Louisa May Alcott and Little Women (Temple UP, 1984).
LaPlante, Eve (2012). Marmee & Louisa: The Untold Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Mother. Free Press. ISBN 1-451-62066-7.
Larson, Rebecca D. (1997). White roses: stories of Civil War nurses. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications. ISBN 1577470117. OCLC 38981206.

MacDonald, Ruth K. (1983). Louisa May Alcott. Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-7397-5.
Matteson, John (2007). Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05964-9.
Meigs, Cornelia (1968). Invincible Louisa : the Story of the Author of Little Women. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316565943.
Myerson, Joel; Shealy, Daniel; Stern, Madeleine B. (1987). The Selected Letters of Louisa May Alcott. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-59361-3.
Myerson, Joel; Shealy, Daniel; Stern, Madeleine B. (1989). The Journals of Louisa May Alcott. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-59362-1.
Paolucci, Stefano. Da Piccole donne a Piccoli uomini: Louisa May Alcott ai Colli Albani, "Castelli Romani," LVII, n. 6, nov.-dec. 2017, pp. 163–175.
Reisen, Harriet. Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind 'Little Women'. ISBN 0-805-08299-9. OCLC 316514238.
Saxton, Martha (1977). Louisa May: A Modern Biography of Louisa May Alcott. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-25720-4.

Panluwas na takod

Mga pinaghalian

Works by Louisa May Alcott at Project Gutenberg
Works by Louisa May Alcott at Project Gutenberg Australia
Works by or about Louisa May Alcott at Internet Archive
Works by Louisa May Alcott at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by Louisa May Alcott at Online Books Page
Index entry for Louisa May Alcott at Poets' Corner
Bibliography (including primary works and information on secondary literature – critical essays, theses and dissertations)

Archival na materyal

Guide to Louisa May Alcott papers, MS Am 800.23 at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1839–1888, MS Am 2114 at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1845–1945, MS Am 1817 at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Guide to Louisa May Alcott additional papers, 1849–1887, MS Am 1130.13 at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Guide to Louisa May Alcott papers, MSS 503 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
Madeline B. Stern Papers on Louisa May Alcott, MSS 3953 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

Iba pa

The Louisa May Alcott Society A scholarly organization devoted to her life and works.
Louisa May Alcott, the real woman who wrote Little Women. Documentary materials.
Obituary, New York Times, March 7, 1888, Louisa M. Alcott Dead
Minneapolis Tribune, March 7, 1888, OBITUARY: Miss Louisa M. Alcott
Encyclopædia Britannica, Louisa May Alcott
Louisa May Alcott's Orchard House Louisa May Alcott's Orchard House historic site in Concord, MA.
Norwood, Arlisha. "Louisa Alcott". National Women's History Museum. 2017.
Matteson, J. (November 2009). Little Woman; The devilish, dutiful daughter Louisa May Alcott. Humanities, 30(6), 1–6.
Louisa May Alcotts Orchard House. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://www.louisamayalcott.org/&p=DevEx,5066.1
Hooper, E. (September 23, 2017). Louisa May Alcott: A Difficult Woman Who Got Things Done. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://lithub.com/louisa-may-alcott-a-difficult-woman-who-got-things-done/
Powell, K. (n.d.). Louisa May Alcott Family Tree and Genealogy – ThoughtCo.. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://www.thoughtco.com/ancestry-of-louisa-may-alcott-1421899&p=DevEx,5070.1
Louisa M. Alcott Dead – archive.nytimes.com. (March 7, 1888). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1129.html&p=DevEx,5066.1
Alcott: 'Not The Little Woman You Thought She Was'. (December 28, 2009). Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121831612
Raga, S. (November 29, 2017). 10 Little Facts About Louisa May Alcott. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/89228/10-little-facts-about-louisa-may-alcott
Louisa May Alcott at the National Women's Hall of Fame

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Toltolan

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[Cullen-ugly-1] Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (August 1, 2000). Encyclopedia of women's history in America. Infobase Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8.

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