टेम्पलेट:Inflation

टेम्पलेट बिबरनलेख[देखीं] [संपादन करीं] [इतिहास देखीं] [रिफ्रेश करीं]

This template defaults to calculating the inflation of Consumer Price Index values: staples, workers' rent, small service bills (doctor's costs, train tickets). For inflating capital expenses, government expenses, or the personal wealth and expenditure of the rich, the US-GDP or UK-GDP indexes should be used, which calculate inflation based on the gross domestic product (GDP) for the United States and United Kingdom, respectively.

Do not assume that using this template will mean that a calculated value is "current", "as of 2024", "as of 2023" or even necessarily "recent". Per , statements made using this template should either specify an end_year, or rely on |fmt=eq or {{Inflation/year}} to automatically indicate the latest year this template provides an inflation calculation. Do not use {{CURRENTYEAR}}.

This template calculates inflation based on several inflation index data sets. The template uses an identification code for an inflation index (usually a country code), an original value, an original start_year and either a specific reference end_year or by default the latest currently available end year,^[1] and calculates the equivalent value from historical economic changes between the original and reference years. For example, this template calls the United States inflation table located in the sub-template Template:Inflation/US/dataset to perform the U.S. calculation.

Aside from a convenient way to calculate values from different specified time periods, this template allows a regularly automatically updated calculation of value based on the most recent available inflation data. Whenever inflation tables are updated, potentially annually, all articles using this template have their displayed values updated accordingly.

Usage

{{Inflation|index|value|start_year}}
{{Inflation|index|value|start_year|end_year}}
{{Inflation|index|value|start_year|r=decimals|fmt=c}}
{{Inflation|index|value|start_year|r=decimals|fmt=eq}}
{{Inflation|index|value|start_year|r=decimals|fmt=eq|cursign=X}}

The supported countries are listed below, with their index and available data periods:

`index`	Country	`start_year` minimum	`end_year` maximum
AU	Australia^[2]	1901	2018
AU-road	Australia [...?]^[3]	1998	2018
BD	Bangladesh^[4]	1986	2014
CA	Canada^[5]	1914	2018
DE	Germany^[6]	1882	2009
IN	India^[7]	1953	2019
IR	Iran^[8]	1315	1398
JP	Japan^[9]	1946	2019
PH	Philippines^[10]	1958	2019
PK	Pakistan^[11]	1960	2018
UK	United Kingdom^[12]	1209	2019
UK-GDP	United Kingdom GDP deflator^[13]	1700	2016
US	United States^[14]	1800	2019
US-GDP	United States GDP deflator^[15]	1790	2018
ZAR	South Africa^[16]	1960	2018
KRW	South Korea^[17]	1951	2017

Parameters

|index= (parameter 1), required, an index code for one of several available inflation indexes.
|value= (parameter 2), required, original price or value from which to base the inflation calculation on. Will ignore any commas, but must not have a currency symbol.
|start_year= (parameter 3), required, original year from which to base the inflation calculation on. Must be a year available in the chosen inflation index. As an exception to this, if the current year is specified and no end_year is specified, the template will output value unchanged, as it can be assumed an inflation of zero.
|end_year= (parameter 4), optional, reference year for which to calculate inflation. Must be higher (later) than start_year, but not higher than the highest (most recent) year available in the chosen inflation index, and will default to the highest (most recent) available year if omitted.
|r=digit sets the digits to which the value must be rounded. A negative value indicates rounding to an upper significant digit, and a positive value indicates a fractional digit including trailing zeros. Defaults to 0, i.e., without cents.
|fmt=c will insert thousands separator commas into the calculated value.
|fmt=eq will show an equivalent-to phrase, in the format, "equivalent to cursignend_value in end_year". Uses thousands separator commas.
- |cursign= will set the currency symbol to be shown. Only functions when |fmt=eq is used. Can use advanced symbol formats, but can only precede the calculated value. Default is $.

Examples

Y {{Inflation|DE|100|2000}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=DE (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
Y {{Inflation|US|595|1982}} → 1576
Y {{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}} → equivalent to $1,576 in 2019
Y {{Inflation|US|800|1942|fmt=eq|r=-3}} → equivalent to $13,000 in 2019
Y {{Inflation|US|100|2010|2012|fmt=eq|r=2}} → equivalent to $105.28 in 2012
Y US$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}}) → US$595 (equivalent to $1,576 in 2019)
Y US$595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq|cursign=[[United States dollar|US$]]}}) → US$595 (equivalent to US$1,576 in 2019)
Y $21 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|21|2005|r=2}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) → $21 million (equivalent to $27.49 million in 2019)
Y {{Inflation|UK|1|1209|fmt=eq|cursign=£}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=UK (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
Y {{Inflation|AU|100|2024|fmt=eq}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
Y ${{Inflation|US|100|2024}} in {{Inflation/year|US}} → $100 in 2019

It is possible to use the template in incorrect ways without producing error messages. Please read the warnings and appropriate uses of this template at the beginning of the template description.

N {{Inflation|UK|10|1971|fmt=eq}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=UK (parameter 1) not a recognized index. (Omitting the |cursign= parameter will show the $ symbol by default, which is the wrong currency symbol for British currency)
Y {{Inflation|UK|10|1971|fmt=eq|cursign=£}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=UK (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N $595 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} today) → $595 ($1,576 today) (Misleading time reference)
N $595 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}) → $595 ($1,576 in 2024) (Misleading time reference)
N $100 (${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} adjusted for inflation) → $100 ($1,576 adjusted for inflation) (Misleading time reference)
Y $595 ({{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=eq}}) → $595 (equivalent to $1,576 in 2019)
Y $595 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|595|1982|fmt=c}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}) → $595 (equivalent to $1,576 in 2019)
N Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, making her worth ${{Inflation|US|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}. → Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, making her worth $5 billion in 2019. (CPI is not for personal wealth of the wealthy – use GDP deflator instead)
N Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}. → Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to $5 billion in 2019. (CPI is not for personal wealth of the wealthy – use GDP deflator instead)
Y Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|1|1975|fmt=c}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}. → Jane Doe amassed a fortune of $1 billion in 1975, equivalent to $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index. billion in 2018

Entering invalid parameters or omitting required parameters will result in an error message and categorization into Category:Pages with errors in inflation template.

N {{Inflation}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index= (parameter 1), |value= (parameter 2) and |start_year= (parameter 3) must be specified.
N {{Inflation|abc}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |value= (parameter 2) and |start_year= (parameter 3) must be specified.
N {{Inflation|AU}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |value= (parameter 2) and |start_year= (parameter 3) must be specified.
N {{Inflation|AU|100}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |start_year= (parameter 3) must be specified.
N {{Inflation|abc|€100|1980}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=abc (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|DE|€100|1980}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=DE (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|DE|€100|zzzz|zzzz|r=zzzz}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=DE (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|AU|100|1200|2025}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|AU|100|2005|2004}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index. (see the Limitations section below)
N {{Inflation|AU|100|2005|2025|fmt=eq}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|AU|100|2024|2025|fmt=eq}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|AU|100|2024|1905|fmt=eq}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N {{Inflation|AU|100|2025|fmt=eq}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=AU (parameter 1) not a recognized index.

Tips & tricks

Currency conversion

This template is currency agnostic, which means it doesn't convert between different currencies. Thus, if you wanted to know how much DM 1,000.00 marks in 1960 are worth nowadays, entering {{Inflation|DE|1000|1960|r=2}} would provide a result (Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=DE (parameter 1) not a recognized index.) still in marks, not in euros.

Consequently, if you need a result in another currency than the one in which the original value is stated, for now you must do the conversion manually, as in the following example which uses the defined conversion rate of € 1 = DM 1.95583:

Y {{#expr:({{Inflation|DE|1000|1960|r=2}} / 1.95583) round 2}} → एक्सप्रेशन खराबी: < आपरेटर जेकर उमेद ना रहल।

ToDo A currency conversion template to ease these conversion tasks is planned. This section will be updated accordingly once it's developed.

Non-decimal inputs

The template does not accept non-decimal inputs such as £sd; these must be decimalized beforehand. For example, if you wanted to know the value of three shillings and sixpence (3s 6d) Sterling in 1950 in 2018, you must convert to the appropriate decimal value (in this case £0.175) for use in the template:

Y {{Inflation|GBP|0.175|1950|2018}} → Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=GBP (parameter 1) not a recognized index.

For £sd specifically {{Pounds, shillings, and pence}} can be used to convert to decimal; for other non-decimal currencies, such as the old Indian rupee, templates can be made for decimalization upon request.

Rounding

By default the values are calculated to the unit, as for all but very low values cents are undesirable. You can specify rounding with the |r= parameter which determines the number of decimals. To obtain cents use |r=2, but other values can be used, including negative ones: |r=-3, for example, will round to the nearest thousand, |r=-6 to the nearest million, and so on. It is advisable to avoid excessive precision; even if the start value is known to be exact, the template's result will not be because the inflation index tables are rarely accurate to more than about 1%, and a granularity of whole years is used.

Very large results

Very large results are expressed in scientific notation ("1.2E+14" instead of "120000000000000") which is normally not desirable. A workaround is to express the value to be inflated with fewer digits, adding a multiplier text such as "trillion" after the result, using the "Show preview" button as many times as needed, changing parameters until the best result is found:

Y ${{Inflation|US-GDP|1000000000000|1900|r=-11|fmt=c}} → $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N ${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900|r=-12|fmt=c}} → $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index.
N ${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000|1900|r=-9|fmt=c}} thousand → $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index. thousand
Y ${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000|1900|r=-6|fmt=c}} million → $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index. million
Y ${{Inflation|US-GDP|10000|1900|r=-3|fmt=c}} billion → $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index. billion
Y ${{Inflation|US-GDP|10|1900|fmt=c}} trillion → $Error when using {{Inflation}}: |index=US-GDP (parameter 1) not a recognized index. trillion

The following section provides an automated way of avoiding this trial and error scenario.

Format price

{{Format price}} is a template specifically designed to display price values, both big and small, in a readable way. For example, instead of showing the whole of a huge number such as "953,783,409,856.12", it would show it as "954 billion", while small numbers have their cents part appearing as expected, "1234.5" being properly shown as "1.23 thousand".

Y ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|10000000000000|1900}}}} → $NaN
Y ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|1000000|1990}}}} → $NaN
Y DM {{Format price|{{Inflation|DE|1000000|1957|1978}}}} → DM NaN
Y £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|1000|1323}}}} → £NaN

Documenting

It's a good practice to provide a valid reference for the prices calculated with this template in articles where it's used. The template {{Inflation/fn}} was developed to ease this task. It accepts as its single parameter the same country codes used here, and will generate one or more appropriate footnotes. Typically, this is how a piece of text using it looks like:

In 1985 a unit cost on average $1,040. This is {{Inflation|US|1040|1985|fmt=eq}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}}

Resulting in this converted code (notice the footnote link at the end):

In 1985 a unit cost on average $1,040. This is equivalent to $2,472 in 2019.^[14]

The footnote thus generated appears whenever {{reflist}} or <references /> is used in an article, usually in its "References" section. See below for the live example in this document's own References section, or click the above generated footnote to jump to it.

Limitations

Currently it isn't possible to "de-inflate" a value to what it would have been in a previous year. If you need this functionality, please request it at the talk page. Adding it won't be difficult, but there's no point in doing so before someone actually needs it.
Substitution isn't supported at all. Trying to {{subst:Inflation|...}} would only result in a long sequence of embedded parser code without any direct benefit. If you need to obtain an inflated price only once, please use the special ExpandTemplates page then copy the result and paste it at the desired location.

Developer documentation

An inflation series represents templates in the following categories:

Template:Inflation/index
Template:Inflation/index/dataset
Template:Inflation/index/startyear
Template:Inflation/doc/index (Which is then displayed at Inflation/name/dataset as the documentation, and needs to refer to the original data source)

Modifications need to be made to:

Current subpages:

Pages with the prefix 'Inflation' in the 'Template' and 'Template talk' namespaces:

Template:

Inflation

Template talk:

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData documentation for this template used by VisualEditor and other tools.

TemplateData for Inflation

This template calculates inflation based on several inflation index data sets. Note that this template defaults to calculating the inflation of Consumer Price Index values: staples, workers' rent, small service bills (doctor's costs, train tickets). For inflating capital expenses, government expenses, or the personal wealth and expenditure of the rich, the US-GDP or UK-GDP indexes should be used, which calculate inflation based on the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) for the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]], respectively.

Template parameters[Edit template data]
This template prefers inline formatting of parameters.
Parameter		Description	Type	Status
Index	`index` `1`	An index code for one of several available inflation indexes. One of AU, AU-road, BD, CA, DE, IN, JP, PH, PK, UK, UK-GDP, US, US-GDP, ZAR. Example US	String	required
Value	`value` `2`	Original price or value from which to base the inflation calculation on. Will ignore any commas. Example 1000	Number	required
Start year	`start_year` `3`	Original year from which to base the inflation calculation on. Must be a year available in the chosen inflation index. As an exception to this, if the current year is specified and no 'End year' is specified, the template will output value unchanged, as it can be assumed an inflation of zero. Example 1975	Number	required
End year	`end_year` `4`	Reference year for which to calculate inflation. Must be higher (later) than 'Start year', but not higher than the highest (most recent) year available in the chosen inflation index, and will default to the highest (most recent) available year if omitted. Example 2015	Number	optional
Number of digits	`r`	Sets the digits to which the value must be rounded. A negative value indicates rounding to an upper significant digit, and a positive value indicates a fractional digit including trailing zeros. Defaults to 0. Default 0 Example 1	Number	optional
Format	`fmt`	"c" will insert thousands separator commas into the calculated value. "eq" will show an equivalent-to phrase, in the format, "equivalent to (cursign)(end_value) in (end_year)". Uses thousands separator commas. Example eq	String	optional
Currency sign	`cursign`	Sets the currency symbol to be shown. Only functions when Format "eq" is used. Can use advanced symbol formats, but can only precede the calculated value. Default is $. Default $ Example €	String	optional

References

↑ How recently depends on how the data set for each country is constructed, and on the internal tables being updated accordingly every January. Some data tables provide inflation data up to December 31, 2023, others up to roughly June-July 2023, and others yet up to December 31, 2022.
↑ Australian Consumer Price Inflation figures follow the Long Term Linked Series provided in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) 6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011 as explained at §§3.10–3.11; this series comprises "from 1901 to 1914, the A Series Retail Price Index; from 1914 to 1946–47, the C Series Retail Price Index; from 1946–47 to 1948–49, a combination of the C Series Index, excluding rent, and the housing group of the CPI; and from 1948–49 onwards, the CPI." (3.10). Retrieved May 4, 2015
↑ Inflated values automatically calculated using the "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" series provided in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014: Table 17 Output of the Construction industries, subdivision and class index numbers. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
↑ Bangladesh – Consumer price index, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.^{[भरमाव – चर्चा करीं]}
↑ Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada. "Consumer Price Index, historical summary". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 26, 2018. CANSIM, table (for fee) 326-0021 and Catalogue nos. 62-001-X, 62-010-X and 62-557-X. And "Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
↑ German inflation numbers based on data available from Deutsches Statistisches Bundesamt.
↑ Historic inflation India – CPI inflation, Inflation.eu, retrieved 24 January 2017
↑ Inflated values automatically calculated. Error: undefined index "IR" when using {{Inflation/fn}}
↑ Japanese Historical Consumer Price Index numbers based on data available from the Japanese Statistics Bureau. Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014 Retrieved 30 July 2014. For between 1946 and 1970, from "昭和戦後史". Retrieved 2015-01-24.
↑ Consumer Price Index,Inflation Rate and Purchasing Power of the Peso (national averages)
↑ Pakistan – Consumer price index, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.^{[भरमाव – चर्चा करीं]}
↑ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
↑ United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth "consistent series" supplied in Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.K. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |last-author-amp= (help)
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
↑ Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |postcript= and |last-author-amp= (help) United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
↑ South Africa – Consumer price index, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.^{[भरमाव – चर्चा करीं]}
↑ Consumer Price index from Statistics Korea. Consumer Price Index by year. Retrieved 3 April 2018

परिचय खातिर ऊपर दिहल गइल बिबरनलेख के टेम्पलेट:Inflation/doc से ट्रांसक्लूड क के इहाँ देखावल जा रहल बाटे। (संपादन करीं | इतिहास देखीं)
संपादक लोग एह टेम्पलेट के अभ्यासपन्ना (सैंडबाक्स) (बनाईं | मिरर करीं) आ टेस्टकेस (बनाईं) पन्ना सभ पर अभ्यास आ प्रयोग (टेस्टिंग) क सकत बाटे।
अनुरोध बा कि अगर श्रेणी जोड़े के होखे तब /doc उपपन्ना (सबपेज) पर जोड़ल जाय। एह टेम्पलेट के उपपन्ना (सबपेज) देखीं।

[1] How recently depends on how the data set for each country is constructed, and on the internal tables being updated accordingly every January. Some data tables provide inflation data up to December 31, 2023, others up to roughly June-July 2023, and others yet up to December 31, 2022.

[inflation-AU-2] Australian Consumer Price Inflation figures follow the Long Term Linked Series provided in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) 6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011 as explained at §§3.10–3.11; this series comprises "from 1901 to 1914, the A Series Retail Price Index; from 1914 to 1946–47, the C Series Retail Price Index; from 1946–47 to 1948–49, a combination of the C Series Index, excluding rent, and the housing group of the CPI; and from 1948–49 onwards, the CPI." (3.10). Retrieved May 4, 2015

[inflation-AU-road-3] Inflated values automatically calculated using the "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" series provided in Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014: Table 17 Output of the Construction industries, subdivision and class index numbers. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

[inflation-BD-4] Bangladesh – Consumer price index, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.^{[भरमाव – चर्चा करीं]}

[inflation-CA-5] Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada. "Consumer Price Index, historical summary". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 26, 2018. CANSIM, table (for fee) 326-0021 and Catalogue nos. 62-001-X, 62-010-X and 62-557-X. And "Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 26, 2018.

[inflation-DE-6] German inflation numbers based on data available from Deutsches Statistisches Bundesamt.

[inflation-IN-7] Historic inflation India – CPI inflation, Inflation.eu, retrieved 24 January 2017

[inflation/fn-IR-8] Inflated values automatically calculated. Error: undefined index "IR" when using {{Inflation/fn}}

[inflation-JP-9] Japanese Historical Consumer Price Index numbers based on data available from the Japanese Statistics Bureau. Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014 Retrieved 30 July 2014. For between 1946 and 1970, from "昭和戦後史". Retrieved 2015-01-24.

[inflation-PH-10] Consumer Price Index,Inflation Rate and Purchasing Power of the Peso (national averages)

[inflation-PK-11] Pakistan – Consumer price index, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.^{[भरमाव – चर्चा करीं]}

[inflation-UK-12] UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 6, 2017.

[inflation-UKGDP-13] United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth "consistent series" supplied in Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.K. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |last-author-amp= (help)

[inflation-US-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.

[inflation-USGDP-15] Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 5, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |postcript= and |last-author-amp= (help) United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.

[inflation-ZAR-16] South Africa – Consumer price index, International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files.^{[भरमाव – चर्चा करीं]}

[inflation-KRW-17] Consumer Price index from Statistics Korea. Consumer Price Index by year. Retrieved 3 April 2018

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