প্রারম্ভিক উপনিষদগুলো ৯০০-৩০০ খ্রিস্টপূর্বের দিকে রচিত হয়েছিল।[৮][৯] মুখ্য উপনিষদগুলি প্রাক্ বৌদ্ধ যুগ থেকে শুরু করে খ্রিস্টিয় প্রথম সহস্রাব্দের প্রথমার্ধ্ব পর্যন্ত।[১০][১১]
↑ কখJames Lochtefeld (2002), "Shruti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing. আইএসবিএন৯৭৮০৮২৩৯৩১৭৯৮, page 645
↑ কখJames Lochtefeld (2002), "Smrti", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, আইএসবিএন৯৭৮-০৮২৩৯৩১৭৯৮, page 656-657
↑Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, আইএসবিএন০-৭১৯০-১৮৬৭-৬, pages 2-3
↑Michael Witzel, "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in: Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., আইএসবিএন১-৪০৫১-৩২৫১-৫, pages 68-71
↑William Graham (1993), Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in the History of Religion, Cambridge University Press, আইএসবিএন৯৭৮-০৫২১৪৪৮২০৮, pages 67-77
↑Oberlies, Thomas (Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien, 1998, p. 155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10। Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100.
↑ কখগঘFlood, Gavin (1996)। An Introduction to Hinduism। পৃষ্ঠা ৩৭-৩৯; Witzel 1995, পৃষ্ঠা ৪; Anthony 2007, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৫৪; Michael Witzel (2003)। Vedas and Upaniṣads। The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism। Blackwell। পৃষ্ঠা 68-70
↑Flood, Gavin (১৯৯৬)। An Introduction to Hinduism। পৃষ্ঠা 37–39। আইএসবিএন0521438780।; Witzel 1995, পৃষ্ঠা ৪; Anthony 2007, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৫৪; Michael Witzel (2003)। Vedas and Upaniṣads। The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism। Blackwell। পৃষ্ঠা 68-70
↑Sharma, Shubhra (1985)। Life in the Upanishads। Abhinav Publications। পৃষ্ঠা ১৭–১৯, আইএসবিএন৯৭৮-৮১-৭০১৭-২০২-৪
↑Collins, Charles Dillard (1988)। The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta। SUNY Press। পৃষ্ঠা ৩৬।
↑Gavin (1996)। An Introduction to Hinduism (Book)। Cambridge University Press। পৃষ্ঠা ৩৫৯।
↑Molloy, Michael (2008)। Experiencing the World's Religions। পৃষ্ঠা ৮৭।
↑ কখBrockington, J. (1998)। The Sanskrit Epics, Leiden। পৃষ্ঠা ২৬।
↑Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata Vol. 1। The Book of the Beginning। Introduction।
↑Flood, Gavin (1996)। An Introduction to Hinduism। পৃষ্ঠা ৩৭-৩৯; Witzel 1995, পৃষ্ঠা ৪; Anthony 2007, পৃষ্ঠা ৪৫৪; Michael Witzel (2003)। Vedas and Upaniṣads। The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism। Blackwell। পৃষ্ঠা 68-70
↑Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath (1998)। Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgītā। Motilal Banarsidass Publ। পৃষ্ঠা ১৬।
↑Molloy, Michael (2008)। Experiencing the World's Religions। পৃষ্ঠা ৮৭।
↑Narayan, R.K. The Ramayana। Penguin Group, 2006। পৃষ্ঠা ২৩। "The Indian epic, the Ramayana, dates back to 1500 BCE according to certain early scholars. Recent studies have brought it down to about the fourth century BCE."
↑Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam। History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.। পৃষ্ঠা ৩৮। "the Kernel of the Ramayana was composed before 500 B.C. while the more recent portion were not probably added till the 2nd century B.C. and later."
↑Hiriyanna, M. (1995)। The Essentials of Indian Philosophy। Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass। পৃষ্ঠা ১৩০।
↑Trautmann 1971। 185। "If the Kautilīya Arthaśāstra in its present form is not so old as it pretends, the śāstra itself is certainly old, predating the dharma smritis."Mabbett 1964। "The content of the text is consistent with authorship in about the third century, C.E., and raises some questions which must be answered if it is to be assigned to the fourth B.C.E. Against this must be set the verses naming and characterising Kautilya, and the references in later literature. What emerges is that there is no necessary incompatibility between the essential claims that Chanakya was responsible for the doctrines of the Arthaśāstra, and that the text we know is a product of the later time. These do not conflict. The work could have been written late on the basis of earlier teachings and writings. Sanskrit literature being so full of derivative, traditional and stratified material, this possibility is a priori strong. Those who favour the early date usually admit the probability of interpolations....Those who favour a later date usually admit the probability that the work draws on traditional material. The controversy is therefore spurious. It is entirely possible that the Mauryan Kautilya wrote an arthaśāstra and that a later editor rewrote his work, or compressed it, or compiled a text from the teachings of his school."
↑B. K. Matilal। Perception। An Essay on Classical Indian। Theories of Knowledge। Oxford University Press, 1986। পৃষ্ঠা ১৪।