Balafon

balafon
type of musical instrument
Yaɣ shelimallet percussion instrument, sets of percussion sticks, xylophone Mali niŋ
TiŋaMali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Mali niŋ
Hornbostel-Sachs pubu111.212 Mali niŋ

Tɛmplet:Infobox instrument

Balafon nyɛla chugu bee ŋmankpulli balinkona, "struck idiophone" balishɛli.[1] Ban tooi mali li n-nyɛ Mandé, Senoufo mini Gur niriba ban be West Africa,[1][2] di bahi bahindi Guinean kparibɔɣu din be Mandinka zuliya ni,[3] amaa di pa nyɛla di niŋ bayana West Africa zaŋ chaŋ Guinea ni Mali.[2] Di yuli ŋɔ,, balafon, ni tooi nyɛ Europea bachinima laɣimbu din yina Mandinka yuli ni ߓߟߊ bala[4] ni bachi din nyɛ ߝߐ߲ fôn 'n yɛli'[2][5] bee "Greek root phono".[1]

History

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Dihitabili bɛni ni di nyɛla binkumdi shɛli bɛ ni mali di ko Southern African mini South American binkumda din yuli booni marimba puunj, noli taarihi zaŋ jɛndi balafon buɣisila di saha zali Mali Empire yibu na saha 12th century CE. Balafon nyɛla Manding yuli, amaa di mali balibu pam gbansabila tiŋgbana ni, n ti tabili balangi din be Sierra Leone[6] ni gyil din be Dagara, Lobi mini Gurunsi din yina Ghana, Burkina Faso mini Ivory Coast. Bɛ ŋmɛri binkumdi shɛŋa din ŋmani li Central Africa, ni nadaa "Kingdom of Kongo" ka bɛ booni lala binkumda ŋɔ palaku.

Balafon taarihi chaŋmi ti gbaai 12th century CE. Yuunj 1352 CE, Morocco sochanda Ibn Battuta daa ti lahabali din wuhiri ni ngoni mini balafon be Malia nira kootu ni, Mansa Suleyman.

Europea nima ban daa go n kana West Africa daa buɣosila balafons yuuni 17th century ka di ŋmani ʒemana ŋɔ binkumda. Atlantic Slave Trade daa ʒila balafon ŋmɛriba shɛba na America. "Virginia Gazette" daa sabi "African-Americans" ban ŋmɛri barrafoo n sɔŋ yuuni 1776, ka bɛ doli li ka di ti nyɛ balafon. North American ban mali lala shɛhira ŋɔ shɛba nyɛla ban kpi 19th century sunsuuni.[7]

Children from Burkina Faso performing in Warsaw, Poland, during the 5th Cross Culture Festival, September 2009

Balafon yuli pili la dubu tum 1980s "African Roots Music mini World Music zoobu ni. Din nyɛ yuli pam di puuni n-nyɛ Rail Band, Salif Keita ni da gari tooni ka shɛli niŋ. Hali di yi kuli bi lahi ŋmɛ gba, din kumsi din gahim maa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli mpahi western binkumda ni. Maninka din yina eastern Guinea ŋmɛrila jitaaya binkumda balishɛli din ŋmɛri bɛ ni ŋmɛri balafon ni ŋmɛri shɛm.

Bachi maa ni yi na shɛli

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Malinké balli ni balafon nyɛla bachinima ayi taba laɣimbu: balan nyɛla binkumda maa yuli ka fô nyɛ bachiniŋdili, ŋmɛbɛ. Balafon, di zuɣu, di nyɛla bala ŋmɛbu.[5]

Bala na nyɛla yu'shɛli bɛ ni mali n-tiri "bass balafon" karili din be Kolokani mini Bobo Dioulasso yaɣili. Lala bala ŋɔ mali.la safe waɣila mini ŋman kara din tiri li kukoli . Balani ka bɛ booni din mali kumsi pam, balafon bila din mali ŋman bihi mini din ji (3 zaŋ chaŋ 4 cm waɣilim). Lala balani tooi malla saafe nima pishi ni yini, saafenima di be bala dolila tiŋ'shɛli polo di ni be.

Construction

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Gum-rubber mallets on a balafon

Balafon ni tooi nyɛ saafenima din bi damda (ka saafenima maa lo n tabili luɣ'yini, ka di tooi zooi ka ŋmana din tiri kumsi maa be gbunni) bee saafe shɛŋa bɛ ni ti vuhim (ka saafe kam ni tooi kuli pa luɣili kam). Lala balafon ŋɔ tooi mali la saafenima 17–21, kumdila tetratonic, pentatonic bee heptatonic buɣisibu, din doli yiliyiina ma ni yina shɛli polo.

Balafon nyɛla din mali binkumda balibu 18 zaŋ chaŋ 21, amaa bɛ mali shɛŋa ka di kumsi balibu bela (16, 12, 8 bee 6 mini 7). Balafon nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali "kosso rosewood" m-maani shɛli, ka bɛ deeni li.ka di.kuura, ka sariti saafenima maa lɔŋni dari maa belabela m-bahiri a, ka di tiri li.kumsi. Bɛ yihiri la dɔɣu m-bahiri di sunsuuni ka saafenima maa dooni pasi.

Balafon din safenima bi damdi puuni, gbaŋ ka bɛ mali n lɔri saafenima maa n tabindi dari maa zuɣusaa, ka zaŋ ŋmana lɔ di lɔŋni. Bɛ malila kpatinariŋ galipɔɣiri n ŋariti ŋmankpula maa mali vobihibihi shɛŋa (sahaŋɔ di tooi zooya ka di nyɛ shigaari takari gbana ka bɛ mali n niŋdi li) ka di tiri li nyeeni kumsi.

Regional traditions

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di ni niŋ ka balafon kali mali balibu gbansabila tiŋgbana ni maa, lala n-nyɛ binkumda maa gba maŋmaŋa. Luɣu'shɛŋa bɛ ŋmɛrila balafon maliŋ yi ti be. Guinea mini Mali, balafon nyɛa din be binkumda balibu dibaa ata ni, ka di kumsi do tiŋa, sunsuuni ni zuɣusaa. Cameroon, bɛ ŋmɛri la balafon balibu dibaa ayɔbu "orchestra", ka bɛ booni li komenchang. Igbo gba mali li ka di mali saafe karili zaɣi yini ŋun kam ŋmɛri li tooni. Ka ninvuɣi yino ŋmɛri saafe bɔbigu ni dari dibaa ayi, shɛba tooi che ka niriba ayi bee ninvuɣi bɔbigu ŋmɛrili bɛ kali ni.

Susu mini Malinké niriba ban be Guinea nyɛla bɛ ni baŋdi shɛba ni balafon, kamani Manding nima ban yina Mali, Senegal, ni Gambia. Cameroon, Chad, hali ti tabili Congo Basin tiŋgbana ni balafon kaya.

Di tooi zooya, ka balafon ŋmɛriba tooi piriti bansi bɛ nuhi ni, ka di luri zahindi saafenima maa kumsi maa.

Luɣ'shɛŋa balafon daa nyɛla maliŋ binkumda, ka shɛŋa na kuli nyɛ lala ka mali bɛ ni yihi shɛba ka bɛ ŋmɛrili Adiini ni, ka bɛ ŋmɛri li ku yiya, amiliya nima ni bee chuɣu puhibu ni ko. Nimaani bɛ tooi sɔɣirila bafalon nima maa zolona ni, ka bɛ ni tooi yihili na n ŋmɛli di yi niŋ ka bɛ bɔ maliŋ n-ti li ko. Di shɛŋa kuli bɛni ka di nyɛla bɛ maani li mi ka di mali bɛ ni ŋmɛri li luɣ'shɛŋa. Bɛ ni mali shɛli wuhiri niriba di ŋmɛbu n-nyɛ "free-key pit balafons".

Gyil

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The gyil of northwestern Ghana

Gyil (English: /ˈdʒɪlə/ bee /ˈdʒiːl/) nyɛla "pentatonic balafon" biniumda din niŋ bayana ba tɔɣisiri Gur north Ghana, Burkina Faso, southeastern Mali mini northern Ivory Coast din be West Africa. Mande nima ban be Ghana kamani Ligbi (Numu), Bissa ni Dyula, bɛ booni la lala binkumda ŋɔ bala. Lala gyil nyɛla binkumda n-ti Dagara nima ban be Ghana mini Burkina Faso tuduu polo, n-ti pahi Lobi ban yina Ghana, southern Burkina Faso, ni Ivory Coast. Lala gyil ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zani shɛli ka di mali jahi, ka mali ŋmani daliga ka bɛ booni li kuor. Ninvuɣi yino ni tooi ŋmɛrili ni lala ŋmani ŋɔ mini dɔɣu, bee di ko. Gyil tooi nyɛla bishɛli. bɛ ni ŋmɛri Dagara ku yiya. Dabba n tooi zooi lala binkumda ŋɔ ŋmɛbu, bɛ bɔhindi li mi ŋmɛbu ka na nyɛ zaɣi bihi; amaa, sokam ni tooi ŋmɛli (paɣa bee dooo). Gurunsi ban be Upper East Region yaɣili Ghana gba lahi nyɛla ban ŋmɛri li, n-ti pahi Gurunsi ban be south mini central Burkina Faso. Waa din ŋmani gyil n-nyɛ Bewaa.

Lala gyil ŋɔ dizaan ŋmanila balaba bee balafon shɛli Mande-ban tɔɣisiri Bambara, Dyula ni Sosso niriba ban be southern Mali mini western Burkina Faso, n-ti lahi.pahi Senoufo niriba ban be Sikasso, yaɣ'shɛli ban kaya pam ŋmani Ivory Coast mini Ghana dini. Bɛ maani li mi ni dari saafenima pia ni anahi din nyɛ Africa dari ka bɛ booni li liga ka bɛ lahi lɔri di gbunni ŋmankpula.[8] kpatinarisi zana ka bɛ mali n ŋariti ŋmankpula maa voya ka mali valisi gbana n lɔri li.[8] Bɛ ŋmɛrili mi ni do shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ gbana lɔ di zuɣuri

Cameroon

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Main article: Music of Cameroon § Modern Cameroonian music

1950s, bɛ daa lɔ la dari n gili Cameroon tiŋgbani zuɣu ni, ni bɛ deei saamba n niŋ din ni, ka di daa bɛ yuui ka pahi Cameroon dalinli ni . Balafon orchestras, din mali 3–5 balafons daa nyɛla din niŋ bayana lala dari ŋɔ ni. Lala "orchestras" ŋɔ shɛba, kamanj Richard Band de Zoetele, daa nyɛla ban yuli du.

20th century sunsuuni bɛ tiŋgbani binkumda daa yna ka bɛ boli li bikutsi. Bikutsi ŋmɛrimi ni tɔbu kumsi ka bɛ ŋmɛri li ni kumsi din ji, dala ni balafon. Ka paɣaba yiini di yila, bikutsi yila chanimi ni biɛhigu ni yɛlimuɣisira din bɛni mini paɣaba mini dobba taba bɔbu. Yuli nyabu polo, bikutsi zani la di naba zuɣu 1950s. Anne-Marie Nzie nyɛla ban pili li puuni yino. Ŋun daa ŋmɛri bikutsi m-pahi ka di chibiri n daa nyɛMessi Me Nkonda Martin mini, Los Camaroes, ŋun daa yina ni niɣilim buɣim jitaaya ni binyɛra pam.

Balafon orchestras nyɛla ban nyɛ yuya 50s Yaoundé's bar scene, amaa di wumdiba bɔri la ʒɛmana taɣibu mini mini Messi Martin ni daa ŋɛrili shɛm, ŋun daa nyɛ Cameroon jitaaya ŋmɛra ŋun daa bɔhim di ŋmɛbu ka di nya o daa wumdi la Spanish balli-lahabaya wuligibu Equatorial Guinea, n-ti oahi Cuban mini Zairean rumba. Messi daa taɣi la niɣilim buɣum jitaaya maa ka di nyɛla o daa taɣi la mihi maa ni takari gbana, ka di ti binkumda maa "damper tone" di tiri "thudding" kumsi din ŋmani balafon.

Guinea

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Balafon, kora (lute-harp), mini ngoni ( banjo yaan-nima) n-nyɛ binkumda balibu dibaa ata din tabi"griot bardic" kaya ni taɣada West Africa. Di yini kam tooi malila di ni be yaɣ'shɛŋa, tiŋ'shɛŋa, ni kaya. Guinea n-nyɛ balafon taarihi ni yina shɛli. Di ni niŋ ka "griot" kaya ni taɣada nyɛ din yiri zuliya ni n kpɛri zuliya ni maa, Kouyaté zuliya ka bɛ nya ka bɛ gbubi balafon, ka 20th century niriba ban yina o zuliya ni zaŋli n wuhi dunia zaa

The Sosso Bala

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Djembe and balafo, Guinea

Fr:Sosso Bala nyɛla balafon, din be Niagassola, Guinea tiŋgbani ni saha ŋɔ ni, ka bɛ nya ka di ni n-nyɛ balafon zaɣi maŋli, ka bɛ mali li li yuun kɔbisinii nyaaŋa. Epic of Sundiata, Mali Empire lahabali din wuhiri di ni pili shɛm, wuhirim ni "griot" (ŋun yiini salindi niriba) ka o yuli booni Bala Faséké Kouyaté nyɛla ŋun daa che ka Sosso king Sumanguru Kante kpuɣi o tuma ni o ni daa gabi n kpe Sumanguru nayili nyaaŋa n-ti ŋmɛri maliŋ binkumda. Sundiata Keita, ŋun daa pili Mali Empire daa ŋmɛ n yiɣisi Sumanguru, ka fa balafon maa, ka zaŋ "griot Faséké" n-niŋ ŋun guli li. Bɛ yɛliya ni di nyɛla din pa be o zuliya ni, Kouyatés, ka bɛ booni ba balafon saha ŋɔ.[9]

A young balafon player, Mali
Balafon players in a PAIGC schoolband, Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973

Ti yi yihi lahabali maa yɛlimaŋtali nuu, lala Sosso Bala nyɛla binkumda din nyɛ saha shɛli dini ka UNESCO m-pahi 19th Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity ni yuuni 2001.[10]

Senegal

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Senegalese "National Anthem" yɛltɔɣa zuɣu nyɛla "Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons" (Sokam ŋmɛmi o koras, kparisimi balafons).

Mali

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bɛ puhirila ʒemani chuɣu ni balafon, Triangle du balafon, saha ŋɔ di niŋdi la yuuni kam Sikasso, Mali tiŋgbani ni.[11]

Bafalon ŋmɛriba ban yuli du mini ensembles

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Balafon ban yuli du shɛba n-nyɛ:

Lihi pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

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Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Balo. Grove Music (2001). [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01914.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jessup, Lynne (1983). The Mandinka Balafon: An Introduction with Notation for Teachesting. Art Path Press. ISBN 9780916421045.
  3. ↑ Charry, Eric (October 2000). Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226101620.
  4. ↑ Faya Ismael Tolno (September 2011). "Les Recherches linguistiques de l'école N'ko" (PDF). Dalou Kende (in French). No. 19. Kanjamadi. p. 7. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Network, Canadian Heritage Information. The Balafon by N'Gafien, Age 16.
  6. ↑ Cootje Van Oven. "Music of Sierra Leone", in African Arts, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Summer, 1970), pp. 20-27+71.
  7. ↑ cited in Dena J. Epstein. Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War. University of Illinois Press (1977). Tɛmplet:ISBN missing.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Harper, Colter (2008). "Life, Death, and Music in West Africa". Contexts Magazine Winter: 44–51. DOI:10.1525/ctx.2008.7.1.44.
  9. ↑ "Preserving the Sosso Bala Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine", Jumbie Records: a charity record to raise funds for preserving this instrument.
  10. ↑ "The Cultural Space of 'Sosso-Bala' in Niagassola, Guinea", UNESCO.org.
  11. ↑ Mali Ministry of Culture. Le Triangle du Balafon: Projet de Festival du Balafon, Troisieme Edition, Sikasso – 02 au 05 Novembre 2006, (2006). Archived Silimin gɔli March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Why this in-flight magazine is the fashion industry's new must-read (25 June 2023).
  13. ↑ Meet the Parisian Art Collective Reviving a Defunct West African Airline (9 September 2022).

Lahabali maa ni yina shɛli

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Karim pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Lynne Jessup. The Mandinka Balafon: an Introduction with Notation for Teaching. Xylo Publications, (1983) ISBN 0-916421-01-5 .
  • Eric Charry. Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. University Of Chicago Press (2000). ISBN 0-226-10161-4 .
  • Adrian Egger, Moussa Hema: Die Stimme Des Balafon - La Voix Du Balafon. Schell Music, ISBN 978-3-940474-09-4.
  • Gert Kilian "Balafon Beat", Verlag Zimmermann, Germany
  • Gert Kilian "The Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", édition "improductions" / Paris
  • "Das magische Balafon" by Mamadi Kouyaté, Ursula Branscheid-Kouyaté / Germany / LEU-Verlag, Neusaess DVD
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tɛmplet:Stick percussion idiophonesTɛmplet:Percussion

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