Congolese rumba

Congolese rumba
music genre
Yaɣ shelimusic of Congo Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni1940s Mali niŋ
Di mini ŋaSoŋ Mali niŋ
Tingbani shɛli din yinaDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo Mali niŋ
Influenced byCuban rumba Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01711, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01711, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01711 Mali niŋ

Tɛmplet:Infobox music genre

Congolese rumba, bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli African rumba, nyɛla waa balishɛli din pili Democratic Republic of the Congo (din daa na nyɛ Zaire) ni Republic of the Congo (din daa na nyɛ French Congo). Di binkumda lu n doli taba, di kumsi, ni di ni yɛri yɛltɔɣa shɛŋa, Congolese rumba nyɛla din yuli du zuɣusaa ka pahi gbansabila yila taɣada ni. Anashaara goli December yuuni 2021, di daa pahi UNESCO "intangible cultural heritage" ni.[1][2][3]

Di pili la 20th century, Kinshasa mini Brazzaville sunsuuni, colonial era ni, binkumda balibu n laɣim taba niŋ Congolese rumba, kamani "Kongolese maringa dance music" mini Cuban son.[4][5][6] Congolese rumba chanimi ni jitaaya binkumda, "groovy basslines, catchy rhythms", nti pahi binkumda din mali wabu.[7] Lala binkumda balibu ŋɔ piligu chaŋ mi ti gbaai 1930s, di ni daa niŋka gbansabila yiliyiiniba, di bahi bahindi ban daa yina Congo Basin, zaŋ jitaaya, koliba nima, mini ikembe m-pahi ŋmɛri bɛ kaya yila ti pahi Cuban son.[8][9][10][11][12] Di daa nyɛla din yihi soukous na, binkumda balishɛli din doli kumdi doli taba, ka mali jitaaya kumsi din du zuɣusaa , n-ti pahi "brass" mini "polyrhythmic" sabbu yaɣa.[13]

Di nyɛla din yɛligi gili gbansabila tiŋgbana ni, m-paai tiŋgbana ni kamani Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Zambia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Nigeria, Ghana, South Sudan, Senegal, Burundi, Malawi, ni Namibia. Yaha, di lahi nyɛla din kpe Europe, di bahi bahindi France, Belgium, Germany, n-ti tabili UK, hali ni US, ka di nyɛla Congolese yiliyiiniba, n yili lala yila ŋɔ tiŋ'duya chuɣiri puhibu ni. Yiliyiiniba kaman Henri Bowane, Wendo Kolosoy, Franco Luambo Makiadi, Le Grand Kallé, Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley Rochereau, Sam Mangwana, Papa Noel Nedule, Vicky Longomba, n-ti pahi Papa Wemba nyɛla ban mali nuu timbu pam ni lala binkumda ŋɔ, ka duhirili zuɣusaa ka lahi pahiri dibaa ʒemana binkumda din ni.[14][15][1]

Taarihi

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Di ni pili luɣ'shɛŋa

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Bɛ ni buɣisi ka bachi ŋɔ, "rumba" pili shɛli nyɛla ni di yimi na Kikongo bachi ni nkumba, din gbunni nyɛ "puli ni bingarilk", ka di wuhiri tiŋ'bihili waa din daa wari ni Kingdom of Congo kurili, n-ti tabili zuŋɔ Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, mini Angola.[16][17][18] Bantu kali puuni ka di kumsi din doli taba yina, kamani Palo Kongo adiini nk, din chaŋ ti gbaai Kongo niriba "Spanish settlers" ni daa ʒi shɛba labi Cuba 16th century.[5][19][20][21] "Miguel Ángel Barnet Lanza's On Congo Cults of Bantu Origin in Cuba" ni yɛli shɛma, bɛ ni daa ʒi gbansabila dab'shɛba chaŋ Cuba daa yimi na Bantu , amaa din nyaaŋa, Yoruba nima ban daa yina Nigeria n daa ri kpalim Cuba daba.[22] Di mini nahingu shɛli din daa paai gbansabila maa zaa yoli, bɛ binkumda taɣada, wahi balibu, ni tima daa nyɛla din kpalim bɛ zuliyanima ni tiŋgbani yaɣa ni.[11] Din ŋmɛri binkumda kamani conga, makuta, catá, yambu, claves, güiro, n-ti pahi cajón de rumba daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n laɣindi binkumda laɣinsi ka di nyɛ bolisi mini saɣibu zaŋ chaŋ tima nima sani mini kpiimba sani.[23][5] Niriba kamanj Arsenio Rodríguez laɣim la kali Bakongo binkumda miniCuban son.[21]

Late 1920s–1950s

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A Congolese rumba group performing in Léopoldville

Lahabaya din yina "Phyllis Martin's Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville" sani wuhiya, ni waa din daa wari doli taba Belgian Congo mini French Congo, din pa laɣim taba nyɛ Democratic Republic of the Congo mini Republic of the Congo, zaŋ doli taba, nyɛla bɛ ni daa boli maringa.[4] Di chanimi ni dali bila shɛli bɛ ni shɛ gbaŋ pɔbi ka boli li patenge ka mali li ŋmɛri "counter-rhythms", koliba din zani n-ti "triangle", n-ti pahi accordion shɛli bɛ ni booni likembe.[4] Maringa wa'wariba waa di yi di ko nyɛla sakpuɣa dam doli taba din damdi bɛ ningbuna ka kpuɣiri gbali yini yini n doli taba, Afro-Cuban rumba dance yɛla teebu, din daa ti du n pili wa'kura din pahi.[4] Lala waa ŋɔ kpela Congo yaɣili 1930 polo.[4] Zuliya binkumda baŋda Kazadi wa Mukuna ŋun daa yina Kent State University daa di alizama ni yila yaabu duri baŋdiba lala saha ŋɔ daa labi bɔ gbunni n-ti bachi maa, "maringa" ka di nyɛla bɛ laɣim li mi ni "rumba" kumsi din doli taba zaɣ'palli ka na leei kuli che ka di na kuli mali la di di lala yu'kurili maa.[24] Yuuni 1934, Jean Réal, French dɛma dareta ŋun yina Martinique, daa yina ni yuli din nyɛ "Congo Rumba" o ni daa nya ka yiliyiini shɛba mali lala yuli maa Brazzaville.[25][4] Clément Ossinondé, Congolese binkumda baŋda ŋun yaa daa dahi Congolese binkumda polo, daa nya ka Congolese yiliyiinia ban tabi Congo Rumba, Gabriel Kakou mini Georges Mozebo daa nyɛla ban kpaŋsi Congolese rumba ka tabiri sɔŋdi yiliyiiniba ban na bɔhinda.[26][27][28]

Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1937, Réal daa nyɛla ŋun ti yiliyiiniba binkumda ni bɛ na zaŋ ŋmɛra, ka di daa niŋ anfaani.pam ti tiŋ'bihi ban be yila ni, bɛ shɛba n-nyɛ Alphonse Samba, Michel Kouka, Georges Nganga, Côme Batoukama (guitars), Vital Kinzonzi (accordion), Emmanuel Dadet (saxophone, guitar, ni ban pahi), n-tibili Albert Loboko (banjo, piano, guitar).[26][29] Din nyaaŋa bɛ daa kpa "Brass bands" dibaa anahi Brazzaville, din nima n-nyɛ Fanfare Militaire, Fanfare de la Milice, Fanfare Catholique, n-ti pahi Fanfare Municipale.[30] Dadet mini Antoine Kasongo n-nyɛ tuuli Congolese yiliyiiniba ban yina ni Congolese salima yilli ka zaŋ binyɛr' pala m-pahi bɛ yila nima ni.[30] Dadet's "dance band", "Melo-Congo," daa nyɛla din yuli du n chaŋ gbanpiɛla ni, ka ŋmɛri binkumda balibu din gbaai "geriatric waltzes" mini "foxtrots" zaŋ tabili rumba, biguines, n-ti pahi tangos.[4] "Band" maa daa nya naba zani pam ka bɛ daa dɛm li Poto-Poto "dancing bar PICKUP", ni wahi duri kamani Chez Faignond, Macumba, Beauté Brazza, Chez Ngambali, Mon Pays, n-ti pahi Léopoldville.[30][4][27]

Young people grooving to Congolese rumba rhythms in Léopoldville, ca. 1960s
Congolese rumba bar in Léopoldville

1940s–50s sunsuuni, Cuban son groups binkumda, kamani Sexteto Habanero, Trio Matamoros, n-ti pahi Los Guaracheros de Oriente, nyɛla yili shɛŋa bɛ ni daa ŋmɛri Radio Congo Belge din be Léopoldville, ka di daa nya yuli yuma din doli ŋɔ ni na.[31][32] Maringa waa binkumda—amaa di bi tabi Cuban rumba—nyɛla bɛ ni daa nya ka shɛli nyɛ "Congolese rumba", dini daa niŋ ka Sexteto Habanero mini Trio Matamoros daa gabi sabi"rumba".[24] Yiliyiiniba pam nyɛla ban yina Congolese yila ni, ka Paul Kamba mini Antoine Wendo Kolosoy nyɛ ban kpaŋ bɛ maŋa ka ʒemani Congolese yila nya naba zani.[27][4][26][33] Yuuni 1947, Kasongo's Odeon-Kinois orchestra, bee Harmonie Kinoise, daa yina ni sebene, din mali kumsi din labiri ŋmɛra, ka di yaa jɛndi jitaaya din kumdi doli taba. Kasongo gba lahi yina ni UK ia nima pam n-ti "Olympia Editions".[30][34]

1950s pili, yiliyiiniba ban daa nyɛ tiŋ'bihi ka niŋ milinsi ni Congolese sabiri shɛli white settlers ni daa su daa pili la Congolese rumba sitaaya din ŋmani li, din kumsi tooi chani zamzam ka waliginsim dii ka di "orchestras" ni. Din nima n-nyɛ African Jazz, OK Jazz, Conga Jazz, Negro Band, n-ti pahi Rumbanella Band.[26][27] Di mini "band" maa yuli tooi zooya ka di chani ni "jazz" maa zaa yoli, Martin nya ka "yila maa yaa zaa yimi na Africa mini Latin America". Di yuli ŋɔ, "jazz" daa bi yina shɛli pahi American linjimanima nima daa mali la nintiɣiki ni bipola, di bahi bahindi bahindi African Americans, ban daa bee Léopoldville linjimanima biɛhigu sheei Second World War.[4] Baŋdiba kamani Isaac A. Kamola ŋun daa yina Trinity College ni Shiera S. el-Malik ŋun daa yina DePaul University daa yɛliya ni Congolese "jazz" yililiyiiniba yila dii bi ŋmani American jazz, ka buɣisiri di zaɣi maŋtali "din wuhiri shɛba kaya ni taɣa ka bi kali siyaasa niŋ jina ni" ka wuhri ʒema binyɛra din yi di ko ka Eurocentric taɣada.[35] Ban kpaŋsi Congolese rumba dii bi zaŋ bɛ yaa baɣi "kaya ni taɣada ya'shɛli polo, adiini, bee laɣinsi" "Congolese rumba di yɛligi ka dahi luɣ'li kam.[35]

Schools of Congolese rumba

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Further information: TPOK Jazz and Le Grand Kallé et l'African Jazz
OK Jazz (left) and African Jazz (right) were two major schools of Congolese rumba during the 1950s and 1960s.

1950s sunsuuni, waliginsim daa kana yiliyiiniba deei shɛŋa sambani polo mini din pili Congolese rumba kali ni. Di zuɣu daa che ka shikuruti dibaa ayi pili jɛndi Congolese rumba: African Jazz School mini OK Jazz School.[36][26] Yuuni 1957, lala shikuruti ŋɔ daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋa pam yila ni, ka OK Jazz kpuɣi sitaaya din nyɛ odemba, ka di kumsi nyɛ din parinda ka din zooi din ni nyɛ "odemba rhythm" din yina Mongo folklore din be Mbandaka zaŋ dolisi Congo River din daa ti leei "soukous music". Amaa, African Jazz School n daa yina ni "rumba-rock", din kumsi parinda, ni jazz mini Afro-Cuban.[26][37][36][38][39] Franco Luambo's OK Jazz ni daa ʒi yɛl'pali shɛli na yila ni n daa nyɛ mi-solo (din gbunni nyɛ "half solo") jitaaya ŋmɛra, ŋun ŋmɛri "arpeggio patterns" ka mali zaashee "lead and rhythm guitars" ni.[40] OK Jazz daa na gbubi la Congolese rumba sitaaya zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1959, bɛ ni daa ti pili Les Bantous de la Capitale , din daa nam shikuru din pahiri ata din daa mali di sitaayanima maa n tumdi tuma.[26][41][42]

1960s–1970s

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Further information: Soukous
Papa Wemba and Félix Manuaku Waku performing in Kinshasa in 1970

1960 piligu, Congolese rumba daa nyɛla yila balishɛli din pili Central Africa, ka lahi yɛn mali nuu timbu ni West mini East Africa.[43][44][14] Yili yiiniba shɛba ban dɛm Franco Luambo mini Grand Kalle's bands daa yina ni bɛ yiliyiiniba laɣinsi; Tabu Ley Rochereau mini Nico Kasanda daa kpa African Fiesta yuuni 1963.[45] Kasanda's faction, nti pahi Charles Mwamba Déchaud, daa chaŋ tooni ti kpa yiliyiiniba laɣingu ka boli li Docteur Nico mini African Fiesta Sukisa, ka Rochereau mini Roger Izeidi mi kpa African Fiesta National.[46][47] Shɛba gba, kamani Mujos mini Depuissant, daa yi n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu.[46] Ban daa pahi bɛ zuɣu n daa nyɛ Papa Wemba mini Sam Mangwana, n-ti "Afrika Mokili Mobimba" ka che ka di niŋ gbansabila "bands" din yuli du, ka di "loopy-riffing guitars", dala balishɛŋa mini "bass grooves" bɛ ni kpariti shɛli niŋdi ka tiri li binkumda maa, ni binyɛra pɛbbu yaɣili din yɛri di.maŋa kumsi yɛltɔɣa."[48][49][50]

Tabu Ley Rochereau performing at the Paris Olympia in 1970

Di ni niŋ ka Congolese rumba mali nuu timbu ni "bands" kamani Lipua-Lipua, Veve, OK Jazz, n-ti pahi Bella Bella, Congolese yiliyiini polli ŋun bɔri ni o che li ka piigi soukous binkumda din kumdi parindi taba sitaaya din yina OK Jazz School.[51][26] Yuuni 1969, shikurubihi pam, ban toondana daa nyɛ Papa Wemba, Jossart N'Yoka Longo, ni Félix Manuaku Waku, daa nyɛla ban yina ni Zaïko Langa Langa, ka yina ni Congolese rumba shikuru din pahiri anahi.[26][27][52] Clément daa yɛliya ni laɣingu maa yaa daa nyɛla 1970s, ka mali.nahingbaŋ gahinda kamani dala ŋmɛbu, snare drum usage, sebene (yila din labi ŋmɛ pɛribtaba), ni dɛma laɣingu din mali atalaku (yiliyiiniba ban mali asafihili), binkumda din gahim, di nyɛ di.ko, mini soukous "shocked" waa, ka di wri.ni.ningbuna dambu.[26][27] Pepe Kalle, "protégé of Grand Kallé", n daa pahi ka bɛ yina ni Empire Bakuba ni Papy Tex, ka di nya yuli Africa ni di "stripped-down", ni Franco mini Rochereau's binkumda din mali yaa.[53]

Ndombolo

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Main article: Ndombolo
Koffi Olomide and Papa Wemba performing in 1988

1980s bahigu ha Congolese rumba mini soukouss, ndombolo daa nyɛla waa din niŋ bayana ka wari ni girigiri, waa din wari sakpuɣa ni Africa. Di sébéné bee "heated part", ndombolo chanimi ni noli ni dɛma din nyɛ atalakus mini "swirling guitar riffs".[54][55][56][57][58][59] Di mini Zaïko Langa Langa n daa pili li maa zaa yoli,[54] 1990s ka Koffi Olomide mini Wenge Musica daa wuligi li n gili.[60][61][62]

21st century

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Anashaara goli December 2021, Congolese rumba daa pahi UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity ni.[63][64]

Congolese rumba nyɛla binkumda balishɛli mini waa din wara ka bɛ tooi warili zuɣusuŋ laɣinsi ni mini ku yiya. Di tooi zooi la fɔŋ ni ka paɣa mini bɛ yidaannima wari li. Yiliyiini baŋdiba n yiini li, bɛ mali la lala waa ŋɔ n wuhiri bɛ bihi. Rumba nyɛla din be Congolese kali ni ka kpaŋsiri biɛhigu taba sunsuuni.

— UNESCO, news release

Musical examples

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Shɛhira din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla Congolese rumba "Passi ya boloko", Franco (Luambo Makiadi) mini O.K. Jazz sani (c. mid-1950s).[65] Di piinimi ni "tresillo-based tumbao", son montuno balishɛli. Jitaaya ka bɛ mali ŋmɛri binkumda din pahi, jitaaya ni ŋmɛri shɛm Cuban son ni. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music yɛliya.[66]

"Passi ya boloko" by Franco (c. mid-1950s). From top: lead guitar; rhythm guitar; bass guitar.

[67][68]

Seben section of a soukous song. From top: solo guitar; mi-solo guitar; accompaniment guitar.

Women in Congolese rumba

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Women in a Congolese rumba barroom

Di ni ka di kuli yɛligiri gindi Africa maa, di daa dii bi niŋ bayana ka paɣaba dɛmdi lala dɛma ŋɔ. 1930s, paɣaba kamani Nathalie mini Emma Louise daa nyɛla ban pili lala dɛma ŋɔ Kinshasa mini Brazzaville.[69][1] Di ni niŋ ka bɛ pam yɛltɔɣa dii bi sabi sɔŋ maa, bani nyɛ yuli be Congolese binkumda ni.[69] 1940s, yiliyiiniba kamani Gabrielle Maleka mini Anne Mbassou daa nyɛla ban niŋ kpaŋmaŋa ni Congolese rumba binkumda ni, Paul Kamba's Victoria Brazza yila laɣingu ni puuni shɛba.[69] Zaŋ chaŋ 1950s, paɣaba ban yiini yila daa yina ni yaa ka bɛ yila jɛndi "amorous entanglements", gubu, ni biɛhigu ni walisa mini nasara. Martha Badibala, Tekele Mokango, Anne Ako, Ester Sudila, Léonine Mbongo, Joséphine Sambeya, Jeanne Ninin, n-ti pahi Caroline Mpia daa nyɛla ban kpaŋ bɛ maŋa yila ŋɔ ni lala saha maa.[69][70][71][72] Marie Kitoto yuli daa duya kamani "Mbokamosika". Amaa, Lucie Eyenga daa waligi la o maŋa ni African Jazz ka di nyɛla o kukoli ka daa naan yi ti kpe Rock-a-Mambo mini African Jazz.[69]

Abeti Masikini in 1978

Lala taɣibu nima ŋɔ ni daa kani na yila ni, paɣaba daa pa be la yila duri ni ka mali zaashɛhi mini yila sabbu. Cameroonian yiliyiina Marcelle Ebibi, kamani shɛhira, daa yina ni niɣilim buɣim jitaaya kumsi din doli taba zaŋ ti yila maa ni o yila "Mama é", chaperoned, o mam Guy Léon Fylla yilli mini Belgian jitaaya ŋmɛra Bill Alexandre.[69][73][70][74] 1970s, Abeti Masikini mini o taba Les Tigresses daa nya bɔligu dɛma ni Olympia Hall din be Paris yuun 1973 ni Carnegie Hall din be New York yuuni June 1974, ka daa laɣim dɛm ni James Brown, Miriam Makeba, Tabu Ley Rochereau, ni Franco Luambo Anashaara goli October 1974, taarihi "Rumble in the Jungle" din be Kinshasa yoobu ni.[75][76][77][78] Abeti yila din pahi buyi ni, La voix du Zaire, l’idole de l’Afrique, o ni daa yihi shɛli na yuuni 1975, ni yila din daa chaŋ viɛnyɛla kamqni "Likayabo", "Yamba Yamba", "Kiliki Bamba", "Naliku Penda", nti pahi "Ngoyaye Bella Bellow", daa duhi o yuli zuɣusaa, di bahi bahindi West Africa. O "band", Les Redoutables, daa nyɛla din kpaŋsi paɣaba mini dobba pam kamani M'bilia Bel, Lokua Kanza, n-ti tabili Tshala Muana.[76][75][69]

Yuuni 1976 M'Pongo Love yilli yihibu na "Pas Possible Mati" nyɛla ŋun yuli yina Congolese rumba yiliyiini paɣaba puuni.[79] In


Yuuni 1984, Tshala Muana daa yina ni yila pam—Kami, Mbanda Matière, n-ti pahi M'Pokolo—zaŋ ti Safari Ambiance sabbu. O yila maa mini o dɛma puuni, "mutuashi rhythm" ka o daa duhi zuɣusaa, Luba kali waa din wari ni sakpuɣa ni dambu. O yuuni 1988 yili gaŋa "Karibu Yangu" nyɛla din daa chaŋ pam East Africa, ka di daa sɔŋ yihi paɣaba yiliyiini pala na kamani Faya Tess mini Barbara Kanam.[80][81][69][82]

Lala n lahi nyɛli, Congolese rumba nyaaŋa, Asori yila din ŋmɛri ni lala binkumda ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla paɣaba ni yihi shɛli na.[69] Yila laɣinsi kamani Les Makoma daa nyɛla ban niŋ kpaŋmaŋa ni paɣaba ban yiini "gospel" baŋsim lɛbu Democratic Republic of the Congo, bɛ shɛba n-nyɛ Deborah Lukalu, Sandra Mbuyi, mini Dena Mwana.[69]

Influence

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Colombian champeta

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Further information: Champeta

Africa yiliyiiniba yuli du la Colombia tum 1970s ka di mali nuu timbu ni kali yila kamani champeta.[83][84] 1970s sunsuuni ha, shitima duhiriba daa ʒi yila yina Democratic Republic of the Congo mini Nigeria n chaŋ Colombia, n-ti pahi "plate" din dalinli nyɛ 45 RPM ka di yɛltɔɣa zuɣu nyɛ El Mambote, Congo's l'Orchestre Veve n daa ti li lala yuli ŋɔ, ka di daa nya yuli pam di ni daa niŋ ka DJ Victor Conde ŋmɛ li.[85][86][87][88] Yila yuya daa chami ka niriba baŋdi African yila din yan pa DJ nima mini yili wumdiba. Niriba daa niŋ zaɣa nI yila maa, di bahi bahindi bomma ni nyamma ni ka yaa fɔŋ shɛŋa ni, Afro-Colombian tiŋ'si ni daa zooi shɛli, bɛ daa mali li mi n gɔhiri binkumdi kara ŋmɛri paati nima ni kamani Cartagena, Barranquilla, n-ti pahi Palenque de San Basilio.[85]

Champeta yibu na nyɛla Congolese yiliyiiniba kamani Nicolas Kasanda wa Mikalay, Tabu Ley Rochereau, M'bilia Bel, Syran Mbenza, Lokassa Ya M'Bongo, Pépé Kallé, Rémy Sahlomon, n-ti pahi Kanda Bongo Man n daa labiri niɣindi binkumdi shɛŋa.[87][86] Yiliyiiniba kamani Viviano Torres, Luis Towers, n-ti pahi Charles King, ban zaa yina Palenque de San Basilio, nyɛla ban pili bɛ zuɣu yila nima yihibu na, ka di nyɛ Congolese soukous tɛri puuni, Congolese rumba yaɣ'shɛli.[85] Bɛ yiini la bɛ ya balli ni, Palenquero, "creole" din laɣim Spanish mini Bantu bala kamani Kikongo n-ti pahi Lingala.[85][89]

Champeta kumsi gabirimi ni Congolese rumba, di bahi bahindi soukous sitaaya maa. Bɛ ni mali jitaaya mini "Casio brand synthesizer" n-tiri kumsi maa n-nyɛ din tiri champeta binkumda din yi di ko.[88]

Super Bowl LIV halftime show din daa niŋ Anashaara goli 2 February 2020, Hard Rock Stadium din be Miami Gardens, Florida, Shakira daa wa la "Icha", Congolese yiliyiina Syran Mbenza yilli, ka wa'wariba pam daa pahi o zuɣu. Bɛ booni la lala yilli maa "El Sebastián" Colombia tiŋgbani ni. Shakira waa maa daa tahi #ChampetaChallenge na pɔhim zuɣu yaɣa pam ni.[88][90]

Ivorian coupé-décalé

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Further information: Coupé-décalé

Congolese rumba wa shɛli bɛ ni booni ndombolo nyɛla din kpaŋsi coupé-décalé waa binkumda pirim la di ni gabiri atalaku la.[91][92][93][94] Tuuli "Congolese band" din niŋ ni atalaku n daa nyɛ Zaïko Langa Langa, 1980s polo. Bɛ mini "animators" ni daa laɣim ŋmɛ yil'shɛli puuni, kumsi labi ŋmɛ din nyɛ "Atalaku! Tala! Atalaku mama, Zekete" (Lihimi ma! Lihima! Lihimi ma, mma! Zekete!) nyɛla din nyɔɣi niriba suhu.[95][96] Coupé-décalé ni yina, Congolese rumba na kuli nyɛla din ʒirili chana. Shɛhirili, "Sagacité" ni yina, Douk Saga tuuli yili shɛli niriba haŋkayq ni deei.[91] RFI bɔhisi bɔhibu ni, DJ Arafat, Ivorian yiliyiina, daa nyɛla ŋun paɣi atalaku's nuu timbu o yila puuni.[88][97]

French hip hop

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Further information: French hip hop

Satellite television ni yina Africa 1990s piligu, ka "internet" niŋ bayana yuma din doli di nyaaŋa na, "French hip hop" nyɛla din gili "African francophone" daa ni.[98][99][100] Di pili la United States, yila maa nyɛla Africa nima ban be France mini Europea tiŋgbana din pahi ni yu shɛli.[98][101][102][98]

Zaŋ chaŋ 1990s bahigu, Bisso Na Bisso, French yɛliparim yiliyiiniba ban yina Republic of the Congo, daa zaŋ la "Congolese rumba rhythms" m-pahi French yɛliparim ni.[103][104][105] Bɛ yila din daa laɣim taba,Racines daa chanimi ni American hip hop, Congolese rumba, soukous, n-ti pahi zouk rhythms, ka bɛ yili li ni Africa yiliyiiniba kamani Koffi Olomidé, Papa Wemba, Ismaël Lô, Lokua Kanza, ni Manu Dibango, n-ti pahi French-Caribbean zouk group Kassav'.[106] Bɛ yila maa pam daa chanimi ni bɛ ni pili shɛm, amaa di daa yimi na Congolese rumba mini soukous ni.[103][106] 2000s piligu ha, lingua franca zaŋ ti French yɛliparim yila daa. nyɛla Lingala, ka "resonant rumba guitar riffs" doli li.[107][108] Mokobé Traoré, Malian–French yɛliparim yiliyiina, daa zaŋ li m-pahi o yila ni, Mon Afrique, ka yiliyiiniba kaman Fally Ipupa tim o nuu soukouyilli ni "Malembe".[106] "Congolization" nyɛla din lahi ʒi "hip hop" na, ka ti yil'shɛŋa gba soli kamanjFrench R&B mini Adiini binkumda, ka di zaa nyɛ niriba zaɣa ni chani shɛli ni Europe mini francophone Africa.[88] Yiliyiiniba ban yuli du n-nyɛ Youssoupha, Maître Gims, Dadju, Niska, Singuila, Damso, KeBlack, Naza, Zola, Kalash Criminel, Ninho, Kaysha, Franglish, Gradur, Shay, Bramsito, Baloji, Tiakola, n-ti pahi Ya Levis Dalwear—bɛ zaa nyɛla Congolese yiliyiiniba.[107][108][109][110]

East African music

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Further information: Music of Kenya, Muziki wa dansi, and Benga music

Radio Congo Belge ni daa yina, ka di lahabaya wuligiri paari East, Central, ni West Africa, Congolese rumba daa nya wumdiba pam, ka East African yiliyiiniba zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ din ni n kpahindi ka tɔɣisiri li.[111] Zuliya yila karimba, Alex Perullo ŋun daa yina Bryant University, Mobutu's Zairianization nyɛla ŋun che ka Congolese rumba nyɛ yuli Tanzania mini Kenya,[112] ka ʒi yila mini kaseta nima yi Kinshasa n chaŋ East Africa dahi ni.[112] "Congolese rumba bands", kamani Orchestra Maquis Original, daa pili la bɛ tuma Tanzania, n-ti tabili Mzee Makassy.[111] Ŋun daa mali baŋsim n-ni tooi niŋ Congolese rumba Kiswahili ni, lala "bands" ŋɔ daa nyɛla din sɔŋsi yiliyiiniba kamani Simba Wanyika, Les Wanyika, Fundi Konde, Daudi Kabaka, n-ti pahi Fadhili William, ŋun laɣindi "Congolese rumba rhythms" mini East African bala mini kaya ni taɣada binyɛra[111] Kenyan "bands", kamani TP Luna Kidi[113][114] mini Limpopo International, kpuɣila Congolese rumba sitaaya bɛ yi yiini bɛ ya balli ni, Dholuo, gabiri la di mini Swahili.[111] Amaa, yiliyiiniba shɛba yaa zaa kuli jɛndi laCongolese rumba sitaaya, ka yiini binshɛɣu kam Lingala, hali ka bɛ maŋmaŋa zuliya ti bi lahi yirina gba.[111] Rumba yuli dubu East Africa, di bahi bahindi Kenya, chanimi ni yila nyaɣisim taɣibu, di niŋla ninkura ni wumdi yil'shɛŋa[111]

Lihi pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Stewart, Gary (5 May 2020). Rumba on the River: A History of the Popular Music of the Two Congos. Verso. ISBN 9781789609110.
  2. ↑ Pietromarchi, Virginia (15 December 2021). 'The soul of the Congolese': Rumba added to UNESCO heritage list.
  3. ↑ 43 elements inscribed on UNESCO's inscribed on UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage lists (16 December 2021).
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Martin, Phyllis (8 August 2002). Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–152. ISBN 978-0-521-52446-9.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jelly-Schapiro, Joshua (22 November 2016). Island People: The Caribbean and the World. New York City, New York State, United States: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780385349772.
  6. ↑ "Beneath the rhythm, Congolese rumba is a link to the past". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/culture/2022/01/22/beneath-the-rhythm-congolese-rumba-is-a-link-to-the-past.
  7. ↑ Congolese rumba: why the dance recognised by Unesco is special (16 December 2021).
  8. ↑ Davies, Carole Boyce (29 July 2008). Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora [3 volumes]: Origins, Experiences, and Culture [3 volumes]. Santa Barbara, California: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 848–849. ISBN 978-1-85109-705-0.
  9. ↑ Erenberg, Lewis A. (14 September 2021). The Rumble in the Jungle: Muhammad Ali and George Foreman on the Global Stage. Chicago, Illinois, United States: University of Chicago Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780226792347.
  10. ↑ Mongrue, Jesse (10 June 2016). What's Working in Africa?: Examining the Role of Civil Society, Good Governance, and Democratic Reform. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse. ISBN 9781491795019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Silusawa, Lwanga Kakule (1 October 2022). DR Congo. Dancing to the Rumba Rhythm..
  12. ↑ Congolese Rumba | Tom Schnabel's Rhythm Planet (24 November 2017).
  13. ↑ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2 April 2010). The Garland Handbook of African Music. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9781135900014.
  15. ↑ La Rumba Congolaise (28 February 2023).
  16. ↑ Daniel, Yvonne L. P. (1989). Ethnography of Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba · Volume 1. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California, Berkeley. p. 88.
  17. ↑ Clark, Duncan A.; Lusk, Jon; Ellingham, Mark; Broughton, Simon, eds. (2006). The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East. London, United Kingdom: Rough Guides. p. 75. ISBN 9781843535515.
  18. ↑ Malu, Muriel D. M. (2019). Congo Brazzaville (in French). Paris, France: Éditions Karthala. p. 242. ISBN 9782811125943.
  19. ↑ Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. (11 June 2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 44. ISBN 9781598842432.
  20. ↑ Ochoa, Todd Ramón (2010). Society of the Dead: Quita Manaquita and Palo Praise in Cuba. Oakland, California, United States: University of California. p. 79. ISBN 9780520256835.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Perkins, William Eric, ed. (1996). Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States: Temple University Press. pp. 214–215. ISBN 9781566393621.
  22. ↑ Lanza, Miguel Á. B. (September 1997). "On Congo Cults of Bantu Origin in Cuba". Diogenes 45 (179): 141–164. DOI:10.1177/039219219704517912.
  23. ↑ Pietrobruno, Sheenagh (29 August 2023). Salsa and Its Transnational Moves. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Lexington Books. p. 35. ISBN 9780739110539.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Mukuna, Kazadi wa (7 December 2014). A brief history of popular music in DRC.
  25. ↑ wa Mukuna, Kazadi (1992). "The Genesis of Urban Music in Zaïre". African Music 7 (2): 72–84. ISSN 0065-4019.
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 Ossinondé, Clément (3 March 2020). Voyage Musical : l'aller et retour de la rumba (fr-FR).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Ossinondé, Clément. 52 ans de musique congolaise : Au Congo-Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo (RDC) – 1960–2012 (in French).
  28. ↑ Ngoma, Marie Alfred (26 July 2021). Musique : Clément Ossinondé en séjour à Brazzaville (fr).
  29. ↑ Ossinondé, Clément (24 July 2019). Albert Loboko, inspirateur et précurseur des notions de la rumba en 1932 – Congo rumba (fr).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Ossinondé, Clément (7 September 2019). Les deux premiers grands orchestres de cuivres de Brazzaville et de Kinshasa en 1940 – Zenga-Mambu (fr-FR).
  31. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1. 2010 p. 407.
  32. ↑ Storm Roberts, John (1999). The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 217–218. ISBN 978-0-19-976148-7.
  33. ↑ Wendo Kolosoyi.
  34. ↑ Le sébène dans la musique congolaise moderne (fr) (6 October 2023).
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 el-Malik, Shiera S.; Kamola, Isaac A. (3 March 2017). Politics of African Anticolonial Archive. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-78348-791-2.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lema, Jean Claude Engbondu (15 October 2020). Les deux écoles de la Rumba Congolaise (fr-FR).
  37. ↑ Tenaille, Frank (2002). Music is the Weapon of the Future: Fifty Years of African Popular Music. Brooklyn, New York: Chicago Review Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-55652-450-9.
  38. ↑ Mbu-Mputu, Norbert X. L'autre Lumumba. Peuple du Congo : Histoire, résistances, assassinats et victoires sur le front de la Guerre froide (in French). Morrisville, North Carolina, United States. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-244-77422-6.
  39. ↑ Seck, Nago (1 January 1985). Musiciens africains des années 80 (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 20. ISBN 978-2-296-37410-2.
  40. ↑ "An Introduction to Franco Luambo Makiadi". https://kenyapage.net/franco/band.html.
  41. ↑ Congo-B : les Bantous de la capitale fêtent leur 60 ans et un "best of" (fr) (7 May 2019).
  42. ↑ Ossinondé, Clément (21 June 2019). Les Bantous de la capitale : L'expérience d'une vie – Zenga-Mambu (fr-FR).
  43. ↑ Anheier, Helmut K.; Isar, Yudhishthir R., eds. (21 January 2010). Cultures and Globalization: Cultural Expression, Creativity and Innovation. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 119. ISBN 9780857026576.
  44. ↑ Knights, Vanessa (29 April 2016). Music, National Identity and the Politics of Location: Between the Global and the Local. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 9781317091608.
  45. ↑ Millward, Stephen (1 December 2012). Changing Times: Music and Politics in 1964. Leicestershire, England: Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-78088-344-1.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Stewart, Gary (June 1992). Breakout: Profiles in African Rhythm. Chicago, Illinois, United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77406-0.
  47. ↑ Smith, C.C. (5 July 2018). Afropop Worldwide | Best of the Beat on Afropop: Leo Sarkisian and Mwamba Dechaud.
  48. ↑ Roberts, John Storm. Afro-Cuban Comes Home: The Birth and Growth of Congo Music. Original Music cassette tape (1986)
  49. ↑ Network, World Music. Tabu Ley Rochereau Receives Award.
  50. ↑ JazzTimes. Braintree, Massachusetts, United States: JazzTimes, Inc. April 1996. p. 64.
  51. ↑ Appiah, Anthony; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  52. ↑ Ray, Rita. "What made Papa Wemba so influential?". https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36131322.
  53. ↑ Seaman, Jacobs Odongo (1 February 2023). 20 years after Pepe Kalle's death, where are Empire Bakuba stars?.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Le Ndombolo (fr-FR) (2018).
  55. ↑ Tchakam, Stéphane (2 December 2003). "Cameroun: L'autre danse congolaise" (fr). Cameroon Tribune. https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200312020974.html.
  56. ↑ Otiso, Kefa M. (24 January 2013). Culture and Customs of Tanzania. New York City, New York State, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-216-06991-1.
  57. ↑ Sobania, Neal W. (30 June 2003). Culture and Customs of Kenya (in English). Santa Barbara, California, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-0-313-03936-2.
  58. ↑ AfroConex (9 March 2023). Spreading Ndombolo Dance Across Africa with Bush Sebar (en).
  59. ↑ Kabwe, Jason (15 March 2013). Ndombolo Craze (cs).
  60. ↑ George, Nelson; Carr, Daphne (20 October 2008). Best Music Writing 2008. New York City, New York State, United States: Hachette Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7867-2612-7.
  61. ↑ Buettner, Elizabeth (24 March 2016). Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-1-316-59470-4.
  62. ↑ Makumeno, Emery (1 July 2022). Musique : qu’est-ce que le clan Wenge, pionnier de la danse Ndombolo ? (fr).
  63. ↑ Pietromarchi, Virginia. 'The soul of the Congolese': Rumba added to UNESCO heritage list.
  64. ↑ 43 elements inscribed on UNESCO's inscribed on UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage lists (16 December 2021).
  65. ↑ Stone, Ruth. Ed. (1998: 360). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. v. 1 Africa. New York: Garland. ISBN 0824060350
  66. ↑ Stone, Ruth. Ed. (1998: 361). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. v. 1 Africa.
  67. ↑ After Banning Eyre (2006: 13). "Highlife guitar example" Africa: Your Passport to a New World of Music. Alfred Pub. ISBN 0-7390-2474-4
  68. ↑ Stone, Ruth. Ed. (1998: 365). Excerpt from a Choc Stars seben. Original transcription by Banning Eyre. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. v. 1 Africa.
  69. ↑ 69.00 69.01 69.02 69.03 69.04 69.05 69.06 69.07 69.08 69.09 Ossinondé, Clément (8 March 2020). Musique congolaise: 8 Mars Journée Internationale des Femmes (fr-FR).
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Agbu, Osita (15 October 2009). Children and Youth in the Labour Process in Africa. Oxford, United Kingdom: African Books Collective. p. 200. ISBN 978-2-86978-390-4.
  71. ↑ Jeune Afrique : cahier de l'Union africaine des arts et des lettres, Issues 21-32 (in French). Paris, France: Kraus Reprint. 1954. p. 29.
  72. ↑ Botombele, Bokonga Ekanga (1976). Cultural Policy in the Republic of Zaire: A Study. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Bernan Associates. p. 33. ISBN 978-92-3-101317-1.
  73. ↑ Bayo, Herman Bangi (2020). Les femmes dans la musique congolaise : un apport remarquable (French).
  74. ↑ Mudimbe, V. Y. (31 January 2013). Contemporary African Cultural Productions (in French). Dakar, Senegal: African Books Collective. p. 180. ISBN 978-2-86978-561-8.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Matanda, Alvin (12 September 2023). Découvrez l'histoire captivante d'Abeti Masikini : une légende inoubliable (fr).
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 musicMe: Biographie de Abeti Maskini.
  77. ↑ Lokale, Prisca (28 December 2021). RDC : Yolanda, la fille aînée de Abeti Masikini a été enterrée ce mardi (fr).
  78. ↑ Biographie de Abeti Maskini (fr) (6 May 2008).
  79. ↑ Biographie M'pongo Love (fr).
  80. ↑ Pareles, Jon (23 December 2022). "Tshala Muana, Congolese Singer with Danceable Messages, Dies at 64". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/23/arts/music/tshala-muana-dead.html.
  81. ↑ How East Africa said karibu to Tshala Muana's Mutuashi (20 December 2022).
  82. ↑ Seaman, Jacobs Odongo (17 December 2022). "Tshala Muana: The raunchy DR Congo diva who captivated a continent". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63981311.
  83. ↑ Malandra, Ocean (December 2020). Moon Cartagena & Colombia's Caribbean Coast. New York City, New York State, United States: Avalon Publishing. ISBN 9781640499416.
  84. ↑ Koskoff, Ellen, ed. (2008). The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Africa; South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean; The United States and Canada; Europe; Oceania. Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 9780415994033.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 Valdés, Vanessa K., ed. (June 2012). Let Spirit Speak!: Cultural Journeys Through the African Diaspora. Albany, New York City, New York State: State University of New York Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9781438442174.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Hodgkinson, Will (8 July 2010). "How African music made it big in Colombia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/08/columbia-african-music-palenque.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Slater, Russ (17 January 2020). Colombia's African Soul.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 Mwamba, Bibi (7 February 2022). L'influence de la rumba congolaise sur la scène musicale mondiale (fr).
  89. ↑ Schwegler, Armin; Kirschen, Bryan; Maglia, Graciela, eds. (19 December 2017). Orality, Identity, and Resistance in Palenque (Colombia): An Interdisciplinary Approach. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 15–104. ISBN 9789027264954.
  90. ↑ Shakira Brought Afro-Colombian Dance to the Super Bowl (2 February 2020).
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Lavaine, Bertrand (8 January 2021). Coupé décalé, tempo sulfureux (fr).
  92. ↑ Ciyow, Yassin (25 July 2022). ""C'est la musique préférée des Ivoiriens" : à Abidjan, les Congolais entretiennent la flamme de la rumba" (fr). Le Monde.fr. https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/07/25/c-est-la-musique-preferee-des-ivoiriens-a-abidjan-les-congolais-entretiennent-la-flamme-de-la-rumba_6136095_3212.html.
  93. ↑ Isar, Yudhishthir Raj (31 March 2012), Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance, London, United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, p. 174, ISBN 9781446291726, retrieved 23 August 2023
  94. ↑ Nuttall, Sarah (2006). African and Diaspora Aesthetics. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 84–92. ISBN 978-0-8223-3907-6.
  95. ↑ Conteh-Morgan, John; Olaniyan, Tejumola (October 2004). African Drama and Performance. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-253-21701-1.
  96. ↑ White, Bob W. (27 June 2008). Rumba Rules: The Politics of Dance Music in Mobutu's Zaire. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 48–61. ISBN 978-0-8223-8926-2.
  97. ↑ Légendes urbaines – Dj Arafat, la renaissance [Urban legends – Dj Arafat, the rebirth] (in French), RFI Musique, 20 March 2019, retrieved 23 August 2023
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 Fonseca, Anthony J.; Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn (9 September 2021). Listen to Hip Hop!: Exploring a Musical Genre. New York, New York State, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 239–245. ISBN 978-1-4408-7488-8.
  99. ↑ Charry, Eric S. (2012). Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-253-00307-2.
  100. ↑ Sterling, Christopher H. (25 September 2009). Encyclopedia of journalism. 6. Appendices. Thousand Oaks, California, United States: SAGE. p. 1289. ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4.
  101. ↑ Alim, H. Samy; Ibrahim, Awad; Pennycook, Alastair (October 2008). Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language. Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 141–145. ISBN 978-1-135-59299-8.
  102. ↑ Bennett, Andy; Waksman, Steve (16 December 2014). The SAGE Handbook of Popular Music. Thousand Oaks, California, United States: SAGE. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4739-1099-7.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Bisso Na Bisso – Finest African Hip Hop Music.
  104. ↑ Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Dawn; Fonseca, Anthony J. (1 December 2018). Hip Hop around the World [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. Santa Barbara, California, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-313-35759-6.
  105. ↑ African Music Spotlight: Bisso Na Bisso Brought African Heritage to French Rap (23 June 2018).
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 Paravisini-Gebert, Lisa (5 July 2017). How French hip hop found its own voice by going back to Africa.[permanent dead link]
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Sar, Yerim (9 May 2018). Le Congo dans le rap français (fr-FR).
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Cynthia, N. (22 June 2020). L'influence de l'Afrique dans le rap français (fr-FR).
  109. ↑ Kambala, Etienne (11 November 2022). France : La liste non exhaustive des rappeurs originaires de deux Congo (fr-FR).
  110. ↑ Kambala, Etienne (29 September 2022). Comment le Congo a transformé le rap français ? (EXPLICATIONS) (fr-FR).
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 111.4 111.5 Gazemba, Stanley (21 November 2014). Effect of rumba on the Kenyan pop scene.
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Perullo, Alex (2008). "Rumba in the City of Peace: Migration and the Cultural Commodity of Congolese Music in Dar es Salaam, 1968-1985". Ethnomusicology 52 (2): 296–323. ISSN 0014-1836.
  113. ↑ Butunyi, Cosmas (23 June 2007). "Kenya: Artiste Tries to Fit Into His Late Father's Big Shoes". Nation.africa/kenya. https://allafrica.com/stories/200706230012.html.
  114. ↑ Musica (11 April 2012). Ochieng Kabaselleh: Career, Arrest and Imprisonment.

Bibliography

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tɛmplet:Rumba Tɛmplet:Genres of African popular music