Gagaku

Gagaku
music genre
Yaɣ sheliEast Asian court ceremonial music, traditional Japanese music Mali niŋ
Tingbani shɛli din yinaJapan Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00265, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00265, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00265 Mali niŋ
For the album, see Gagaku (album).
For the Asuka-period genre of masked dance-drama, see Gigaku. For the style of gagaku adopted from Tang-dynasty China, see Tōgaku.

Tɛmplet:Nihongo3[1] nyɛla Japanese binkumda pubu balishɛli bɛ ni daa niŋdi kootu binkumda mini waa ni. Gagaku daa nyɛla kootu binkumda n-ti Kyoto Imperial Palace, ka di.din ŋmani ʒaamani ŋɔ dini daa pili Heian period (794–1185) bini din gbaai 10th century saha.[2][3] Zuŋɔ, di nyɛla "Board of Ceremonies" din be Tokyo Imperial Palace ni kpa shɛli.

Gagaku malila binkumda balibu dibaa anu:[2]

  1. Kali "Shinto religious music" mini mini kali yila ni wahi, ka bɛ booni li Kuniburi no utamai (国風歌舞)
  2. Nolini binkumda din niŋdi n doli kali yɛltɔɣatamalisi, ka bɛ booni li Utaimono (謡物)
  3. Yila mini wahi din niŋdi ni sambani polo binkumda ni niŋdi shɛm
    1. Chinese, Vietnamese mini Indian dini (dini n-nyɛ Tang dynasty), ka bɛ booni li Tōgaku (唐楽)
    2. Korean min Manchurian dini, bɛ ni booni shɛli komagaku (高麗楽)

Gagaku, kamani shōmyō, kpuɣila "yo scale", "pentatonic scale" din duri zuɣusaa ni ayi, ata, ayi, ayi, ni ata saha shɛŋa ka be "scale tones" dibaa anu sunsuuni.[4] Yila puuni di be di ko ka chɛ Chinese dini yayue (雅楽) din zani n-ti laɣinsi ni binkumda.[5]

Taarihi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Jingu-Bugaku at Kotaijingu (Naiku), Ise city, Mie Prefecture

Gagaku wiadaa yɛn kpe Japan, Buddhism ban daa yi China na n daa ʒili n-kpe. Yuuni 589, Japanese kpamba shɛba nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba tahi China (Sui dynasty saha) ni bɛ ti bɔhim Chinese kaya ni taɣada, n-ti pahi "Chinese court music". Zaŋ kana 7th century, koto ("the 13-stringed zither") mini biwa (kalimboo din mali nyingo jia) nyɛla bɛ ni aa zaŋ shɛli wuhi Japan, ka di yina China. Binkumda balibu, n-ti pahi dibaa ayi ŋɔ, n daa nyɛ tuuli bini shɛli bɛ ni mali ŋmɛri gagaku.

Di mini Japanese booni li bachi yini maa zaa yoli, 雅楽 ("yǎyuè in Mandarin Chinese, ngahngohk in Cantonese"), bɛ ni daa ʒi binkumdi balishɛli yi China chaŋ n daa kuli nyɛ banquet music (engkau) amaa ka di zaamatu laɣimbu Chinese yǎyuè. Yila ŋɔ ʒi n-kpe ni daa kpaŋsi la Tang dynasty sah, ka bɛ booni lala dina ŋɔ Tōgaku (Tang music). Gagaku dina din daa daŋ yibu na pɔi ni Tang dynasty nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli kogaku (nadaa binkumda), ka booni din mi pili Tang dynasty nyaaŋa shingaku (binkumdi pala). Bachi din nyɛ gagaku maŋmaŋa daa tuumi sabi 701, tuuli "imperial academy of music Gagakuryō" ni daa kpa.[5]

Binkumda din yina "Korean kingdom of Goguryeo" nyɛla bɛ ni daŋ yaai shɛli kamani 453 AD, ka komagaku daa nyɛla din zani ti Korea dina zaa, "Goguryeo kingdom" nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli Koma, Japanese ni. Komagaku mini Tōgaku daa pili la southern Japan Nara period (710–794). Yuuni 736, binkumda din daa yina India mini Vietnam gba daa pili ya, ka bɛ booni li Tenjikugaku (天竺楽) mini Rinyūgaku (林邑楽) zaŋ doli taba.

Nara saha 8th century, gagaku daa nyɛla bɛ ni dɛmdi shɛli tiŋgbani dɛma ni, kamani Great Buddha yiɣisibu saha Todai-ji Temple, ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋdi la gagaku laɣinsi zolɔna ni.

Bini din gbaai 9th century zaŋ chaŋ 10th century, Heian period, kali gagaku daa lahi yɛligi ti tooni, ka niŋ Japanese dini pirim la dini ni Japan binyɛra la. Lala gagaku daa naari mini Tōgaku, Komagaku, Tenjikugaku and Rinyūgaku din daa pili Asian tinsi ni, ni Kuniburi no utamai, Japanese kali binkumda, ni utaimono, yila din uina Heian period.[2][3] Lala saha ŋɔ, gagaku binkumda balibu daa nam ya ka tiŋ'duya gagaku binkumda daa labi neei. Gagaku gba daa lahi labi taɣi, ka tiŋ'duya gagaku binkumda daa pu Tɛmplet:Nihongo3 mini Tɛmplet:Nihongo3. Chinese, Vietnamese ni Indian daa pu Sahō, ka Korean mini Manchurian style daa pu Uhō. Tenjikugaku mini Rinyūgaku gba daa pu m-pahi Tōgaku.[2][3][6]

Instruments used

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Wind

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Hichiriki (篳篥), oboe
  • O-hichiriki (大篳篥)
  • Ryūteki (龍笛), kalimboo din tumdi ni tōgaku
  • Shō (笙), noli bini
  • U (竽), noli bin'titali
  • Komabue (高麗笛), kalimboo din pɔri gari ryūteki, ka kuri bukaa komagaku ni
  • Azuma-asobi-bue (東遊笛), bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli chukan
  • Kagurabue (神楽笛), kalimboo din galisi gari ryūteki, used in kuniburi no utamai
  • (Ancient) Shakuhachi (尺八)
  • Haishō (排簫), panpipes

String

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Gaku Biwa (楽琵琶), kalimboo din mali mihi anahi
  • Gogen biwa (五絃琵琶), kalimboo din mali mihi anu
  • Gakusō (楽箏), kalimboo din mali mihi pia ni ata ka pili China
  • Kugo (箜篌)
  • Genkan (阮咸)
  • Yamatogoto (大和琴, also called wa-gon),

Percussion

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Influence on Western music

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

20th century piligu, yiliyiiniba pam zaɣa daa kpe gagaku ni, ka yili yila n tam gagaku zuɣu. Bɛ ni shɛba n-nyɛ Henry Cowell (Ongaku, 1957), La Monte Young (o yila pam daa jɛndi la drone music,[7] amaa gbaa yihi Trio for Strings, 1958), Alan Hovhaness (yila pam), Olivier Messiaen (Sept haïkaï, 1962), Lou Harrison (Pacifika Rondo, 1963), Benjamin Britten (Curlew River, 1964), Bengt Hambraeus (Shogaku, from Tre Pezzi per Organo, 1967), Ákos Nagy (Veiled wince flute quartet 2010), Jarosław Kapuściński (yila nima pam), Sarah Peebles (yila nima pam), Michiko Toyama (Waka, 1960), ni Tim Hecker (Konoyo, 2018).

Gagaku yiliyiiniba ban daa beni 20th century saa yino ŋun niŋ talahi, Masataro Togi (ŋun daa niŋ naa n-ti "court musician" yuun gbakiŋ), daa yɛli la America yiliyiiniba kamani Alan Hovhaness mini Richard Teitelbaum ni bɛ ŋmɛmi gagaku binkumda.

Other cultural influence

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

American yɛltɔɣatamalisi niŋda Steve Richmond daa yina ni sitaaya palli di.chani ni "rhythms" din nyɛ gagaku. Richmond daa wum la gagaku binkumda din yaai "U.C.L.A.'s Department of Ethnomusicology" 1960s piligu. Yuuni 2009 bɛ ni daa bɔhiri Ben Pleasants bɔhisi, Richmond daa yɛliya ni o sabi gagaku yɛltɔɣatamalisi paai 8,000–9,000.[8]

Lihi pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 History of gagaku Nihon gagakukai
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Indigenization and Accomplishment of Gagaku Japan Arts Council
  4. ↑ Japanese Music, Cross-Cultural Communication: World Music, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Benito Ortolani (1995). The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism. Princeton University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0691043333.
  6. ↑ Benito Ortolani (1995). The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0691043333.
  7. ↑ Zuckerman, Gabrielle (ed.), "An Interview with La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela" (Archive.org copy of 2006), American Public Media, July 2002, musicmavericks.publicradio.org: "So, this contribution of Indian Classical music is one of the biggest influences on me, but there are other influences on me too. [...] We have the effect of Japanese gagaku, which has sustained tones in it in the instruments such as the Sho."
  8. ↑ Pleasants, Ben. American Rimbaud: An interview with Steve Richmond.
  • Alves, William. Music of the Peoples of the World. Thomson Schirmer, 2006.
  • Garfias, Robert. "Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition." Ethnomusicology, Vol. 4, No. 1. (Jan., 1960), pp. 16–19.
  • Matsumiya, Suiho. "Traditional Music in Japan To-Day: Its Stability and Evolution." Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 11 (1959), pp. 65–66.
  • Malm, William P. Japanese Music and Musical Instruments. Charles E. Japan: TuttleCo., Inc., 1959.
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tɛmplet:Music of Japan Tɛmplet:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music