Domenyiŋkɔwo ŋlɔla nye dɔwɔƒe si kpɔa Internet dzi domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo dzadzraɖo dzi. Ele be domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋlɔla naxɔ mɔ ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu si le ɖoƒe kɔkɔ (gTLD) si nye generic top-level domain (gTLD) registry alo dukɔ ƒe code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry me. Agbalẽŋlɔla wɔa dɔ le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe siwo woɖo ƒe mɔfiamewo nu.
Vaseɖe ƒe 1999 me la, Network Solutions Inc. (NSI) ye wɔa com, net, kple org top-level domains (TLDs) ƒe ŋkɔwo ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒewo. Tsɔ kpe ɖe domain name registry operator ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋu la, eya ɖeka kolia si ŋlɔa domain siawo hã. Gake dɔwɔƒe geɖe to agbalẽŋlɔlawo ƒe dɔwɔƒe siwo le wo ɖokui si vɛ. Le ƒe 1996 me la, dɔwɔƒe mawo dometɔ ɖeka, Ivan Pope ƒe dɔwɔƒe, NetNames, to asitsatsa ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe si le eɖokui si ƒe susu vɛ si adzra domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ kple dɔ bubu siwo do ƒome kplii na dukɔa, eye wòaɖo dɔwɔƒe aɖe ƒe asitsaƒe ƒe alɔdze anyi nyuie eye ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒewo nanye nudzrala gãwo .NSI xɔ kpɔɖeŋu sia, si na mlɔeba la, woma ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ kple agbalẽŋlɔla ƒe dɔwo me.[cit
Le ƒe 1997 me la, PGMedia tsɔ nya ɖe NSI ŋu tsɔ tsi tre ɖe asitsatsa ŋu heyɔ DNS ƒe ke ƒe nuto be enye dɔwɔƒe vevi aɖe, eye wowɔ ɖeka kple United States Dukɔa ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya Habɔbɔ (NSF) abe amesi wotsɔ nya ɖe eŋu le afɔɖeɖe sia me. Mlɔeba la, wona ablɔɖe NSI tso nyaʋiʋli siwo tsi tre ɖe asitsatsa ŋu me, gake nyaʋiʋlia he nyaƒoɖeamenu si sɔ vɛ be woagbugbɔ aɖo domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo ƒe asi.
Le October 1998 me, le nyaƒoɖeamenu si tso domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe asitsaha si nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi kple ame bubu siwo tsɔ ɖe le eme gbɔ megbe la, wotrɔ asi le NSI ƒe nubabla kple United States ƒe Asitsanyawo Gbɔkpɔƒe ŋu.[2] Ðɔɖɔɖo sia bia be woawɔ ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖo si woawɔ ɖekae si ado alɔ ŋkɔ ŋlɔla geɖe. Nuɖoanyi sia dze dɔwɔwɔ gɔme le se nu le November 30, 1999 dzi le Internet Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Ŋkɔwo Kple Xexlẽdzesi Siwo Wode Asi Na (ICANN) ƒe dzikpɔkpɔ te, togbɔ be dodokpɔxɔdzikpɔla geɖewo nɔ ɖoɖoa zãm tso March 11, 1999. Tso ɣemaɣi la, ame 900 kple edzivɔwoe ge ɖe eme asi si wowɔna na domenyiŋkɔwo ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒewo.
Le agbalẽŋlɔla siwo ge ɖe asitsatsa me le gɔmedzedzea me dome la, wo dometɔ geɖe yi edzi le dzidzim ɖe edzi eye woƒo hoʋlilawo ta. GoDaddy ye nye agbalẽŋlɔla gãtɔ kekeake. Agbalẽŋlɔla bubu siwo wozãna le afisiafi dometɔ aɖewoe nye Enom, Tucows, kple Webcentral. Agbalẽŋlɔla siwo xɔ ŋgɔ le asitsatsa me le gɔmedzedzea me gake emegbe hoʋlilawo ƒo wo ta dometɔ aɖewoe nye Network Solutions kple Dotster.[citation needed]
Ele be agbalẽŋlɔla ɖesiaɖe si dzi ICANN da asi ɖo naxe fe si woɖo ɖi si nye Amerika dɔlar 4,000 kpe ɖe fe si trɔna ŋu.[3] Woɖoe be agbalẽŋlɔla ƒe fe siwo trɔna ƒe ƒuƒoƒo nanye Amerika dɔlar miliɔn 3.8. Hoʋiʋli si ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɖoɖo si woama la na be nuwuwu zãlawo te ŋu tia agbalẽŋlɔla geɖe siwo naa dɔ vovovo siwo do ƒome kplii le asi vovovowo me la dome.
Domain ŋkɔwo ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒewoe léa be na domenyinyi ŋuti nyatakakawo, eye wowɔa nubabla kple domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔŋlɔlawo be woana ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔnawo dukɔa. Zãla mamlɛtɔ tiaa agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe be wòana ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒea, eye agbalẽŋlɔla ma va zua agbalẽŋlɔla si woɖo na domenyiŋusẽfianu si zãla la tia.
Agbalẽŋlɔla si woɖo koe ate ŋu atrɔ asi le nyatakaka siwo ku ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo ŋu le ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe gã aɖe me alo atutu wo ɖa. Enye nusi bɔ be nuwuwu zãla natrɔ agbalẽŋlɔlawo, si ayɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe asitɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe le agbalẽŋlɔla siwo ŋu nya ku ɖo dome, si dzi domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo tsɔtsɔ yi teƒe bubu ƒe ɖoɖo tɔxɛwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖo.
Ne agbalẽŋlɔla ŋlɔ .com domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋkɔ ɖi na nuwuwu zãla aɖe la, ele be wòaxe ƒe sia ƒe fe si sɔ gbɔ wu si nye US$7.85 na VeriSign, si nye ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe na com, eye wòaxe US$0.18 ƒe sia ƒe ƒe dɔdzikpɔkpɔfe na ICANN. Domain ŋlɔlawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ ƒe asi dea asi woƒe dɔwɔnawo kple adzɔnuwo ŋu be woatsɔ akpɔ ƒe sia ƒe ƒe fewo kple dɔdzikpɔkpɔ ƒe fe siwo wòle be woaxe na ICANN siaa gbɔ. Mɔxenu siwo xea mɔ na gege ɖe agbalẽŋlɔla gbogbowo ƒe dɔwɔƒea me sɔ gbɔ na dɔwɔƒe yeye siwo si asisiwo mele xoxo o.
Agbalẽŋlɔla geɖe hã naa ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ to nudzralawo ƒe habɔbɔ siwo do ƒome kplii dzi. Zãla mamlɛtɔ ŋlɔa ŋkɔ ɖe agbalẽŋlɔla gbɔ tẽ, alo le mɔ si mele tẽ o nu to nudzralawo ƒe hatsotso ɖeka alo esi wu nenema dzi. Tso ƒe 2010 me la, zi geɖe la, ga si wodzrana le asitsaƒewo la tsoa esi bɔbɔna abe dɔlar 7.50 ene ƒe sia ƒe va ɖo abe dɔlar 35 ene ƒe sia ƒe na domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ bɔbɔe, togbɔ be zi geɖe la, ŋkɔŋlɔlawo ɖea asi dzi kpɔtɔna kura—ɣeaɖewoɣi femaxee gɔ̃ hã—ne wobiae kple nu bubuwo abe nyatakakadzraɖoƒewo ene hã subɔsubɔdɔwo wɔwɔ.
Ɣeyiɣi didi si woatsɔ aŋlɔ ŋkɔ ɖe domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ me enye ƒe 10. Agbalẽŋlɔla aɖewo naa ɣeyiɣi didi siwo ade ƒe 100,[citation needed] gake nu mawo bia be agbalẽŋlɔla nawɔ ŋkɔ yeye na woƒe asisi; ƒe 100 ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ la manɔ ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe si dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo o.
Domenyiŋkɔ ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ɖoa ŋkɔdɔdzikpɔla ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe hatsotso aɖe ɖe dzila domenyinyi ƒe DNS dɔdzikpɔlawo me, si fiaa DNS dɔdzikpɔlawo ƒe IP adrɛs siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le na domenyinyia. Esia naa nufiame na biabia tẽ tso domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakakawo ŋu.
Domenyiŋ ƒe ŋkɔ dede agbalẽ me mefia le eɖokui si be woawɔ DNS dɔwɔnawo na domenyiŋusẽfianu si woŋlɔ ŋkɔ na o. Agbalẽŋlɔla akpa gãtɔ naa DNS amedzrowɔwɔ abe subɔsubɔdɔ si woate ŋu awɔ femaxee ene na domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo woŋlɔ ŋkɔ na to wo dzi. Ne wometsɔ DNS dɔwɔnawo na o, alo zãla mamlɛtɔ ɖe asi le eŋu la, zãla mamlɛtɔ ƒe agbanɔamedzie wònye be wòaƒle DNS dɔwɔnawo alo awɔ wo ɖokui. Zi geɖe la, agbalẽŋlɔlawo bia be woagblɔ ŋkɔdzikpɔla eve ya teti ƒe nɔnɔme.
Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) nye Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ƒe nɔnɔmewo ƒe hatsotso aɖe si woatsɔ akpɔ nyatakaka ƒomevi aɖewo siwo Domain Name System na la ta. Esia bia be agbalẽŋlɔla nawɔ dutoƒonyatakaka veviwo ŋudɔ eye wòawɔ DS nuŋlɔɖiwo be woatsɔ akpe ɖe dzilawo ƒe nuto me. Ele be GTLD ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ yeyewo kple agbalẽŋlɔlawo katã nado alɔ DNSSEC.
Domain name transfer nye ɖoɖo si wowɔna tsɔ trɔa domain name ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla si woɖo. ICANN ɖe Ðoɖo aɖe si ku ɖe Ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe asitɔtrɔ le Agbalẽŋlɔlawo dome ŋu.[6 Alesi wowɔna zi geɖe tsɔ tsɔa domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo yinae nye
Le ɖoɖo sia megbe la, agbalẽŋlɔla yeyea nyea domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔŋlɔla si woɖo. Dɔa wɔwɔ ate ŋu axɔ abe ŋkeke atɔ̃ ene. Le go aɖewo me la, agbalẽŋlɔla xoxoa ate ŋu aɖoe koŋ ahe asitɔtrɔa ɖe megbe zi alesi woɖe mɔ ɖe eŋu. Le etsɔtsɔ yi teƒe bubu megbe la, womate ŋu agbugbɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu la ayi teƒe bubu o hena ŋkeke 60, negbe ɖe wogbugbɔe yi na agbalẽŋlɔla si nɔ anyi va yi ko.
Nunya mele eme be nàdze agbagba atsɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖe ayi teƒe bubu enumake hafi wòawu enu o. Le go aɖewo me la, asitɔtrɔ ate ŋu axɔ ŋkeke 14, si fia be ɖewohĩ womawu dɔa nu hafi ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔa nawu enu o. Esia ate ŋu ana be domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ nabu eye wòado kpo asitɔtrɔ le eŋu. Be woaƒo asa na esia la, ele be nuwuwu zãlawo natsɔe ayi teƒe bubu ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe do ŋgɔ na ŋkeke si dzi wòawu enu, alo woawɔ ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ yeyee hafi ate etsɔtsɔ yi teƒe bubu kpɔ.
Ne domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣia wu enu, eɖanye susu ka kee ɖale eme o, ate ŋu asesẽ, axɔ asi, alo manya wɔ be aƒetɔ gbãtɔa nagbugbɔe axɔ o. Le ŋkeke si dzi wòwu enu megbe la, zi geɖe la, domenyinyi ƒe nɔnɔme toa dɔdzikpɔkpɔ ƒe akpa vovovowo me, zi geɖe la, ɣleti geɖe; zi geɖe la, menye ɖeko wòzua nusi woate ŋu akpɔ le afisiafi ko o
Woto ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ɖekae ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe vɛ na domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ƒe gomenɔamesi si nɔ anyi tsã la ʋu ɖi na dɔwɔƒe yeye siwo woyɔna be agbalẽŋlɔlawo, siwo ICANN dze be woawɔ asitsadɔ. Ele be agbalẽŋlɔla geɖe naʋli ho kple wo nɔewo, eye togbɔ be dɔwɔƒe aɖewo naa dɔwɔna siwo ŋu asixɔxɔ le alo zãa asitsatsa to dɔlékuiwo me hã la, bubuwo, abe VeriSign kple Domain Registry of America ene, dze agbagba be yewoable asisiwo be woatrɔ tso woƒe agbalẽŋlɔla si li fifia gbɔ to nuwɔna aɖe si woyɔna be domain slamming zazã me .
Ametafatafa siawo dometɔ geɖe ku ɖe gbeƒãɖeɖe si woɖona ɖe ame to posu, fax, alo e-mail dzi ŋu. Ameflula aɖewo doa ka kple amesiwo zãnɛ mlɔeba to telefon dzi (elabena woate ŋu akpɔ kadodo ŋuti nyatakakawo to WHOIS dzi) be yewoaxɔ nyatakaka bubuwo. Nyatakaka siawo anye nyatakaka siwo woate ŋu akpɔ le dutoƒo tso WHOIS ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒea be woatsɔ akpe ɖe nyateƒetoto ƒe dzedzeme ŋu. Nuŋlɔɖia anye legalese be woatsɔ atɔtɔ nuwuwu zãla be wòasusu be enye dziɖuɖua ƒe gbeƒãɖeɖe si blaa ame. Ameflunyawo ŋlɔlawo yia domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ siwo ƒe ɣeyiɣia wu enu kpuie alo esiwo ƒe ɣeyiɣi wu enu nyitsɔ laa yome. Domain name ƒe nuwuwu ŋkekewo li bɔbɔe to WHOIS dzi.
Drop catcher nye domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋlɔla si naa subɔsubɔdɔ si nye be wòate kpɔ be yeade domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋkɔ si wona la agbalẽ me kaba na asisi aɖe ne ŋkɔ ma va li—si fia be "wòalé" ŋkɔ "si woda"—ne domenyiŋkɔa ƒe ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ wu enu eye emegbe wotutua, le esi ame si ŋlɔ ŋkɔ ɖe eme la gblẽ domenyinu la ɖi alo le esi ame si ŋlɔ ŋkɔ ɖe eme la mewɔ ŋkɔ yeyee hafi wotutui o ta.
Habɔbɔ geɖe ɖoa domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe ŋkɔwo ŋlɔlawo ƒe ŋkɔwo kple domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo woŋlɔ ɖe wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe me ƒe xexlẽme siwo woɖo ɖe asitsaƒewo ƒe ɖoƒe si woɖo ɖe wo nɔewo dzi. Ŋkɔ siwo wota la to vovo le top-level domains (TLDs) siwo wozãna me; le nu yeyewo dodo ɖe ŋgɔ zi gbɔ zi geɖe me; eye le nenye be woƒe nyatakaka veviwo nye xexlẽdzesi blibo siwo agbalẽŋlɔƒewo na, alo gbesiagbe tɔtrɔ siwo wokpɔ tso Zone ƒe faɛlwo me.
Edze abe xexlẽdzesiawo katã zãa generic TLD (gTLD) 16 siwo li le dutoƒo siwo nɔ anyi vaseɖe December 2009 me ya teti, kpakple .us. ICANN ƒe zone file access concept paper aɖe si woŋlɔ le February 2010 me ɖe eme be dukɔa ƒe code TLD (ccTLD) registries akpa gãtɔ dzudzɔ zone files nana le ƒe 2003 me, eye wogblɔ be wozã wo le mɔ gbegblẽ nu.
Ðoƒewo kple nyatakaka siwo wota dometɔ aɖewoe nye:
Ɣleti sia ɣleti (gake eye wòhea megbe abe ɣleti etɔ̃ ene), ICANN ɖoa ŋkɔ ŋɔŋlɔ ŋuti nyatakaka siwo gTLDwo katã ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo wɔ la ɖe afima.[9] Nyatakaka siawo yɔ domenyinyi siwo woŋlɔ ŋkɔ na le agbalẽŋlɔla ɖesiaɖe si dzi ICANN da asi ɖo la ƒe xexlẽme blibo.
Ƒe sia ƒe (gake ɣeyiɣi si tso ƒe 2002 va ɖo ƒe 2007 me koe wòxɔna), DomainTools.com, si dzi Name Intelligence, Inc., kpɔa edzi la, taa agbalẽŋlɔlawo ƒe akɔntabubuwo. Wo katã ƒe xexlẽme nye .com, .net, .org, .info, .biz kple .us. Eyɔ "gbesiagbe tɔtrɔwo" (si wosusu be wotso gbesiagbe nuto ƒe faɛlwo me) be wonye nusi dzi woanɔ te ɖo awɔ eƒe ƒe sia ƒe ƒe ƒuƒoƒo.