Walter Hunziker

Walter Hunziker (1899-1974) fue un profesor suizo que es conocido como uno de los fundadores del estudio científico moderno del turismo con la publicación del primero libro de la disciplina, desarrolló el concepto de fondo de ahorro para viajes, de turismo social y cofundó la Association Internationale d'Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme (AIEST) y el Institut International de Glion. Él fundó el Instituto de Investigación Turística de la Universidad de St. Gallen, y fue director de la Federación Suiza de Turismo, miembro del Comité Asesor Suizo de Política Comercial y autor.^[1]

Contribuciones científicas al Turismo

En marzo de 1936, Hunziker fue contratado como secretario de la Asociación Suiza de Turismo y, el 23 de octubre de 1937, fue nombrado director. En 1941, Hunziker inició estudios de posgrado en turismo en la Universidad de St. Gallen. Hunziker fundó un Instituto de Investigación Turística en la Universidad de St. Gallen junto con el fundado por Kurt Krapf en la Universidad de Berna. El Instituto ahora se conoce como Institut für Öffentliche Dienstleistungen und Tourismus (Instituto de Servicio Público y Turismo). En 1942, Hunziker escribió con Krapf (director del Instituto de Investigación de Turismo de Berna) el libro "Fundamentos de la doctrina general del turismo" (Grundriss der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre), publicación que se convirtió en la obra estándar para la investigación básica en turismo. ^[2] ^[3]

En 1943, Hunziker publicó el libro System und Hauptprobleme einer wissenschaftlichen Fremdenverkehrslehre.^[4] Pero Walter Hunziker y Kurt Krapf continuaron examinando el turismo no sólo desde una perspectiva económica, sino también sociológica. Hunziker no quería que el turismo tuviera un impacto negativo en los valores culturales ni del destino ni del turista. ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] En 1972, Hunziker definió los elementos esenciales de la ciencia del turismo como:

comprender la naturaleza del turismo;
definir y explicar los diversos términos y conceptos asociados con el turismo;
desarrollar una pedagogía turística que sea práctica y no sólo teórica; y,
abordar problemas relacionados con la política económica y la gestión empresarial.

Turismo social

En el segundo Congreso de Turismo Social ocurrido en el año de 1959 en Austria, Walter Hunziker propuso la siguiente definición de turismo social que consideraba que el turismo agrega valor a la sociedad al aumentar la comprensión de otras culturas y, por lo tanto, reducir la xenofobia y el aislacionismo. ^[8]^[9] ^[10] Por estas razones, Hunziker opinó que los gobiernos deberían apoyar y fomentar el turismo social. ^[11]

Como implementación pragmática de la idea de turismo social, Walter Hunziker codesarrolló el concepto del fondo de ahorro para viajes aplicable por el Gobierno suizo (Schweizerische Reisekasse o Reka). Este ahorro para viajes tendría la función de ayudar a las familias pobres a disfrutar de las vacaciones. ^[12] ^[13] Hunziker fue presidente del fondo REKA en los años 1939-1974.

Obras

Hunziker, Walter; Krapf, Kurt (1941). Beiträge zur Fremdenverkehrslehre und Fremdenverkehrsgeschichte [Contributions to tourism education and tourism history]. Publikationen des schweizerischen Fremdenverkehrsverbandes 15. Bern: Fédération Suisse du Tourisme. OCLC 69064371.
Hunziker, Walter; Krapf, Kurt (1942). Grundriss der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre [Outline of the general teaching of tourism]. Seminars für Fremdenverkehr und Verkehrspolitik an der Handels-Hochschule St. Gallen 1. Zurich: Polygraphischer Verlag AG. OCLC 180109383.
Hunziker, Walter (1943). System und Hauptprobleme einer wissenschaftlichen Fremdenverkehrslehre [System and main problems of scientific tourism research]. Handels-Hochschule (St. Gallen). Seminar fur Fremdenverkehr. Schriftenreihe (en alemán) 5. St. Gallen. OCLC 258154635.
Hunziker, Walter; Kens, Andrew Gabriel (1951). Le Tourisme Social: caracteres et problemes [Social tourism: its nature and problems]. Publication de la Commission Scientifique de l'Alliance Internationale de Tourisme (en francés) 1. Geneva: Imprim. Federative SA. OCLC 255533141.
Hunziker, Walter; Krapf, Kurt (1955). «Fremdenverkehr» [Tourism]. En Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Statistik und Volkswirtschaft, ed. Handbuch der Schweizerischen Volkswirtschaft (Bern: Benteli-Verlag) 1: 496-503. OCLC 605314141.
Hunziker, Walter (1959). Betriebswirtschaftslehre des Fremdenverkehrs: Der Fremdenverkehrsbetrieb und seine Organisation [Business Administration of Tourism: The tourist industry and its organization]. Schriftenreihe des Seminars für Fremdenverkehr und Verkehrspolitik an der Hochschule St. Gallen (en alemán) 18. Bern: Gurtenverlag. OCLC 29890664.
Hunziker, Walter (1972). Le tourisme: caracteristiques principales (en francés). Berne: Gurten.

Referencias

↑ Medlik, S. (2003). Dictionary of travel, tourism and hospitality (3 edición). Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier). p. 226. ISBN 9780750656504. Consultado el 31 Dec 2010. «Hunziker, Walter (1899–1974) Leading Swiss tourism academic, administrator and entrepreneur, Professor of Tourism at the University of St Gallen, head of several national as well as co-founder and President of international organizations.»
↑ Sørensen, F. (2004), Tourism Experience Innovation Networks, Tourism Experience Innovations and the Role of Geographically Organised Production and Information Innovation Networks, Roskilde University, «[W]hile the first serious scientific textbook on tourism was published in 1942 [Hunziker 1942]» .
↑ Cf. Spode, Hasso (2009): Tourism Research and Theory in German Speaking Countries. In: Dann, G.M.S/Liebman-Parrinello, G. (eds.): The Sociology of Tourism, Bingeley: Emerald, pp. 70ff.
↑ Spode op.cit., pp.71ff.
↑ The Effects of Tourism on Socio-Cultural Values, Paris: UNESCO, 18 Dec 1975, consultado el 31 Dec 2010, «We have seen that tourism has a critical impact on the social structures that characterize the traditional economies, and that it tends to replace, rather than boost, those economies. We have also considered the question of whether or not tourism is going to borrow from the old values in order to avoid causing excessive upheavals. In this aspect sociological and economic thought show the greatest weakness, which is paradoxical since in one of their earliest works, Hunziker and Krapf [Grudriss der Allgemeinen Frefdenverkehrslehre (Outline of the general theory of tourism), Zürich, 1942], regarded as the founders of the science of tourism, states that 'without culture, there is no tourism'.» .
↑ Sharpley, Richard; Telfer, David J. (2002). Tourism and development: concepts and issues. Channel View Publications. pp. 89-90. ISBN 9781873150344. «Sixty years ago, Hunziker and Krapf (1942) showed that tourism has an influence on national economies. They demonstrated that, depending on the inwards or outwards direction of tourist flows, tourism can have both a positive and negative impact upon the quantity of national income. Consequently, tourism first brings about the redistribution of national income, dividing the world into tourist-generating and receiving countries, regions and destinations. Second, it also leads to the redistribution of income between sectors and companies within the economy, the latter resulting from the fact that tourism consumption differs from personal consumption.»
↑ Przeclawski, Krzysztof (1993). «Tourism as the subject of interdisciplinary research». En Pearce, Douglas G., ed. Tourism research: critiques and challenges. Richard Warren Butler. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 9. ISBN 9780415083195. «According to Hunziker, in what is regarded now as one of the classic definitions: 'Tourism is the sum of the relations and phenomena which result from travelling and visiting an area by non-residents providing that it does not entail resettlement or paid work.' [Hunziker, W. (1951) Le Tourisme Social, Berne: Alliance Internationale du Tourisme]».
↑ Goeldner, Charles R.; Ritchie, J. R. Brent (2009). Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies (11 edición). John Wiley and Sons. p. 378. ISBN 9780470440605. Consultado el 9 de junio de 2012. «W. Hunziker at the Second Congress of Social Tourism held at Vienna and Salzburg in 1959 proposed the following definition: 'Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and therefore easily recognizable services.'».
↑ Kinderis, Remigijus (May 2010). «Adaptation of Social Tourism as of Alternative Form of Tourism in Europe». GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites (Oradea, Romania: University of Oradea) 5 (1): 7-15. ISSN 2065-0817. «From scientific position social tourism became a matter of concern in the 6th decade as W. Hunziker (1958) referred to social tourism as to a noble ideal against discrimination and self-integration challenges in the current world. [Citing Hunziker W., (1958), Comments on the finance and investments in social tourism. Tourism Progress, Nr.1.] This opinion was supported by L. Minnaert, R. Maitland ir G. Miller (2006), who stated that social tourism is a tourism with additional moral value, main task of which is to bring mutual benefit both to service provider and service receiver in tourism services' exchange. [Citing Minnaert, L., Maitland, R., Miller, G., (2007), Social Tourism and its Ethical Foundations. Tourism Culture & Communication]».
↑ Minnaert, Lynn; Diekmann, Anya; McCabe, Scott (2011). McCabe, Scott; Minnaert, Lynn, eds. Social Tourism in Europe: Theory and Practice. Aspects of Tourism 52. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications. p. 20. ISBN 9781845412326. «In one of the earliest works on the subject, Hunziker defined social tourism as 'the relationships and phenomena in the field of tourism resulting from participation in travel by economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged elements in society' [Hunzicker, W. (1951) Social Tourism: Its Nature and Problems. Geneva: International Tourists Alliance Scientific Commission]. In 1957, he added a comment regarding the nature of social tourism and defined the concept as 'a particular type of tourism characterised by the participation of people with a low income, providing them with special services, recognised as such' [Hunzicker, W. (1957). Cio che rimarrebe ancora da dire sul turismo sociale, Revue de tourisme 2, pp. 52-57)].»
↑ Hunziker, Walter (1961). «Die menschlichen beziehungen in der touristischen Entwicklungshilfe» [Human relations in tourism development aid]. Tourism Review (en alemán) (MCB UP Ltd) 16 (3): 89-99. doi:10.1108/eb059872.
↑ REKA "The Chairman and Director of the Swiss Tourism Federation, Dr Fritz Ehrensperger and Dr Walter Hunziker, came up with the notion together with the Chairman of the Swiss Trade Union Federation, Robert Bratschi, of creating a travel savings fund."
↑ Hunziker, Walter (1969). «Dreissig Jahre Schweizer Reisekasse» [Thirty years of Swiss Travel Fund]. Tourism Review (en alemán) (MCB UP Ltd) 24 (2): 56-59. ISSN 1660-5373. doi:10.1108/eb059958.

[1] Medlik, S. (2003). Dictionary of travel, tourism and hospitality (3 edición). Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier). p. 226. ISBN 9780750656504. Consultado el 31 Dec 2010. «Hunziker, Walter (1899–1974) Leading Swiss tourism academic, administrator and entrepreneur, Professor of Tourism at the University of St Gallen, head of several national as well as co-founder and President of international organizations.»

[2] Sørensen, F. (2004), Tourism Experience Innovation Networks, Tourism Experience Innovations and the Role of Geographically Organised Production and Information Innovation Networks, Roskilde University, «[W]hile the first serious scientific textbook on tourism was published in 1942 [Hunziker 1942]» .

[3] Cf. Spode, Hasso (2009): Tourism Research and Theory in German Speaking Countries. In: Dann, G.M.S/Liebman-Parrinello, G. (eds.): The Sociology of Tourism, Bingeley: Emerald, pp. 70ff.

[4] Spode op.cit., pp.71ff.

[5] The Effects of Tourism on Socio-Cultural Values, Paris: UNESCO, 18 Dec 1975, consultado el 31 Dec 2010, «We have seen that tourism has a critical impact on the social structures that characterize the traditional economies, and that it tends to replace, rather than boost, those economies. We have also considered the question of whether or not tourism is going to borrow from the old values in order to avoid causing excessive upheavals. In this aspect sociological and economic thought show the greatest weakness, which is paradoxical since in one of their earliest works, Hunziker and Krapf [Grudriss der Allgemeinen Frefdenverkehrslehre (Outline of the general theory of tourism), Zürich, 1942], regarded as the founders of the science of tourism, states that 'without culture, there is no tourism'.» .

[6] Sharpley, Richard; Telfer, David J. (2002). Tourism and development: concepts and issues. Channel View Publications. pp. 89-90. ISBN 9781873150344. «Sixty years ago, Hunziker and Krapf (1942) showed that tourism has an influence on national economies. They demonstrated that, depending on the inwards or outwards direction of tourist flows, tourism can have both a positive and negative impact upon the quantity of national income. Consequently, tourism first brings about the redistribution of national income, dividing the world into tourist-generating and receiving countries, regions and destinations. Second, it also leads to the redistribution of income between sectors and companies within the economy, the latter resulting from the fact that tourism consumption differs from personal consumption.»

[7] Przeclawski, Krzysztof (1993). «Tourism as the subject of interdisciplinary research». En Pearce, Douglas G., ed. Tourism research: critiques and challenges. Richard Warren Butler. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 9. ISBN 9780415083195. «According to Hunziker, in what is regarded now as one of the classic definitions: 'Tourism is the sum of the relations and phenomena which result from travelling and visiting an area by non-residents providing that it does not entail resettlement or paid work.' [Hunziker, W. (1951) Le Tourisme Social, Berne: Alliance Internationale du Tourisme]».

[8] Goeldner, Charles R.; Ritchie, J. R. Brent (2009). Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies (11 edición). John Wiley and Sons. p. 378. ISBN 9780470440605. Consultado el 9 de junio de 2012. «W. Hunziker at the Second Congress of Social Tourism held at Vienna and Salzburg in 1959 proposed the following definition: 'Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and therefore easily recognizable services.'».

[9] Kinderis, Remigijus (May 2010). «Adaptation of Social Tourism as of Alternative Form of Tourism in Europe». GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites (Oradea, Romania: University of Oradea) 5 (1): 7-15. ISSN 2065-0817. «From scientific position social tourism became a matter of concern in the 6th decade as W. Hunziker (1958) referred to social tourism as to a noble ideal against discrimination and self-integration challenges in the current world. [Citing Hunziker W., (1958), Comments on the finance and investments in social tourism. Tourism Progress, Nr.1.] This opinion was supported by L. Minnaert, R. Maitland ir G. Miller (2006), who stated that social tourism is a tourism with additional moral value, main task of which is to bring mutual benefit both to service provider and service receiver in tourism services' exchange. [Citing Minnaert, L., Maitland, R., Miller, G., (2007), Social Tourism and its Ethical Foundations. Tourism Culture & Communication]».

[10] Minnaert, Lynn; Diekmann, Anya; McCabe, Scott (2011). McCabe, Scott; Minnaert, Lynn, eds. Social Tourism in Europe: Theory and Practice. Aspects of Tourism 52. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications. p. 20. ISBN 9781845412326. «In one of the earliest works on the subject, Hunziker defined social tourism as 'the relationships and phenomena in the field of tourism resulting from participation in travel by economically weak or otherwise disadvantaged elements in society' [Hunzicker, W. (1951) Social Tourism: Its Nature and Problems. Geneva: International Tourists Alliance Scientific Commission]. In 1957, he added a comment regarding the nature of social tourism and defined the concept as 'a particular type of tourism characterised by the participation of people with a low income, providing them with special services, recognised as such' [Hunzicker, W. (1957). Cio che rimarrebe ancora da dire sul turismo sociale, Revue de tourisme 2, pp. 52-57)].»

[11] Hunziker, Walter (1961). «Die menschlichen beziehungen in der touristischen Entwicklungshilfe» [Human relations in tourism development aid]. Tourism Review (en alemán) (MCB UP Ltd) 16 (3): 89-99. doi:10.1108/eb059872.

[12] REKA "The Chairman and Director of the Swiss Tourism Federation, Dr Fritz Ehrensperger and Dr Walter Hunziker, came up with the notion together with the Chairman of the Swiss Trade Union Federation, Robert Bratschi, of creating a travel savings fund."

[13] Hunziker, Walter (1969). «Dreissig Jahre Schweizer Reisekasse» [Thirty years of Swiss Travel Fund]. Tourism Review (en alemán) (MCB UP Ltd) 24 (2): 56-59. ISSN 1660-5373. doi:10.1108/eb059958.

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