Yimaj shemó

La frase hebrea yimaj shemó יִמַּח שְׁמוֹ ("Que su nombre sea borrado") es una maldición que se coloca después del nombre de enemigos particulares del pueblo judío.[1]​

Una variante es yimaj shemó ve-zijró יִמַּח שְׁמוֹ וְזִכְרוֹ ("Que su nombre y su recuerdo sean borrados").[2]​ Yimaj shemó es una de las maldiciones más potentes del idioma hebreo.[3]​

Uso

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El término, aunque sea hebreo, puede insertarse como una frase hecha en otros idiomas además del hebreo, incluido el yiddish[4]​[5]​[6]​ y el inglés.[7]​ Cuando la frase se usa en plural, se aplica el plural hebreo -am ("sus nombres y sus recuerdos sean borrados", yimaj shemam ve-zijram).[8]​[9]​ Además, el epíteto puede abreviarse como "YS" en algunos textos.[10]​ En hebreo, la abreviatura es (יש"ו) y-sh"u.[11]​[12]​

Esta maldición puede recordar a otros ejemplos de borrado de nombres en otras culturas como la damnatio memoriae.[13]​ También se le ha llamado "la clásica maldición judía".[14]​

Amán y otros

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La frase se origina en Purim[15]​ para referirse a Hamán,[16]​[17]​ pero se puede aplicar a cualquier enemigo abominable del pueblo[18]​ como Sabbatai Zevi,[19]​[20]​ España,[21]​ Iósif Stalin[22]​ los rusos[23]​, los polacos[24]​, Adolf Hitler[4]​[25]​[26]​, Adolf Eichmann[27]​, Josef Mengele[28]​, cualquier otro nazi[29]​[30]​ o incluso en casos de desprecio personal, como el de un padre maltratador,[31]​ o por el contrario, como lo hacía el padre de Israel Zangwill con su hijo dramaturgo[32]​. Jafetz Jaim usó el epíteto con el hombre que trató de persuadirlo para que abandonara sus estudios.[33]​

Hay un número muy pequeño de textos donde yimaj shemó se usa con Jesucristo,[34]​ pese a esto, un pequeño grupo cree que su grafía hebrea, Yeshu, (יֵשׁוּ, quitándole la ayin [יֵשׁוּעַ]) puede estar relacionada con el yimaj shemó, esto podría ser herencia de algunas polémicas tradiciones medievales.[35]​

Uno de los primeros usos de esta conexión en la literatura luterana la hizo el converso Johan Kemper.[36]​

Amalec

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Aunque el contexto inmediato de la frase yimaj shemó ve-zijró está relacionado con Hamán, algunas fuentes[37]​ sugieren que la segunda parte de la frase "y su memoria" (vezijró) se remonta al mandamiento de "borrar la memoria de Amalec" (תִּמְחֶה אֶת־זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק) en Deuteronomio 25:19 y Éxodo 17:14.[38]​ Esta conexión está respaldada en algunas fuentes por la idea de que Hamán es descendiente de Amalec .[39]​[40]​

Términos relacionados

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En yiddish, un sustantivo derivado, formado con el sufijo nominalizador eslavo -nik, es yemaj-shmoynik "sinvergüenza" (femenino, yemaj-shmoynitse), pero no posee la gravedad del epíteto original: yemaj-shmoy .[41]​

El término yimaj shemó se usa a menudo en combinación con el término meshummad, de la raíz shamad, que significa destruir.[42]​[43]​

Varios académicos europeos han comparado la destrucción de la memoria de Amalec con la damnatio memoriae latina.[44]​[45]​[46]​[47]​

Véase también

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  • Z"L (zijronó librajá)

Referencias

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  1. ↑ Steinmetz, Sol (2005). Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. ISBN 9780742543874. «yimach shemo! 'May he be cursed! Literally, 'May his name be blotted out!' Also, yimach shemo vezichro!, plural, yimach shemom (vezichrom). (Literally) 'May his name and memory be blotted out!' Used after an individual's name, as in Haman yimach shemo! [¡yimaj shemó! '¡Que sea maldito! Literalmente, '¡Que le borren su nombre!' También, ¡yimaj shemó vezijro!, plural, yimaj shemom (vezijrom). (Literalmente) '¡Que le borren su nombre y memoria!' Se lo usa después de un nombre de un individuo, como ¡Hamán yimaj shemó!]». 
  2. ↑ Bermant, Chaim (1974). The walled garden: the saga of Jewish family life and tradition. «The darkest curse in the Hebrew language is yemach shemo vezichro, 'may his name and remembrance be obliterated" [La maldición más oscura en el idioma hebreo es yimaj shemó vezijró, 'que le obliteren su nombre y recordación”]». 
  3. ↑ Schimel, Lawrence (2002). Found tribe. «The worst curse in Hebrew is 'Yemach shemo!' 'May his name be erased!'». 
  4. ↑ a b Rosenfeld, Max (1990). Jewish Currents. reprint. «When you utter his name, you add (with feeling) yimakh shemoy! — may his name be obliterated! This phrase has become a kind of formula in Yiddish writing, whenever the name of Hitler occurs, but...it originated with Haman». 
  5. ↑ Coldoff, Harry (1988). A Yiddish dictionary in transliteration. 
  6. ↑ Jewish language review. Volume 4. Association for the Study of Jewish Languages. 1984. «Mikoyekh hayntike tsaytn, mikoyekh emigratsye, Palestine, veys ikh! Veys ikh? Epes dakht zikh mir - - oykh dos zelbe?. Nu, un der Voskhod? Der Voskhod? Dos iz a kol-boynik, yemakh-shmoy! Ir hot gezen, vi tsederboym raybt im a morde?» 
  7. ↑ Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben (2006). American voices: how dialects differ from coast to coast. p. 254. «Expressions include wishful terms, eg, halevai 'would that it were so', greetings, eg, boruch habo 'welcome', curses, eg, yemach shemo 'may his name be blotted out', and interjections, eg, nu 'well, so'.» 
  8. ↑ yimach shemo vezichro!. 2005. p. 39. «(Literally) 'May his name and memory be blotted out!'». 
  9. ↑ Dalfin, Chaim (2003). Who's who in Lubavitch Volume 1. «...sent Rabbi Rafael Kahn, who was Rav in Usvet, replacing his father-in-law Rabbi Yoel Dovidson, to replace Rabbi Estrin in Shtzedrin. Later he was rav in Nevel and finally in Riga, where he was murdered by the Nazis yimach shemom.» 
  10. ↑ Lehmann, Osher M.; Lehmann, Oscar M. (1996). Faith at the brink: an autobiography of the formative years. «The abbreviation YS is added in this book, following the initial mention of committed German evildoers. YS, 'Yemach Shemom' literally translates to 'May his/her/their name be erased'.» 
  11. ↑ יש"ו. «abbreviation y-sh"-u». 
  12. ↑ Scholem, Gershom (1995). Tagebücher: nebst Aufsätzen und Entwürfen bis 1923 (en alemán). p. 2. «Und den Nathanael gelesen. Gefährlich! Herren Professoren Strack und Dalman! יש"ו [Abk. für ימח שמו (jimach schemo, sein Name sei ausgelöscht)». 
  13. ↑ Rotenberg, Mordechai (2003). Damnation & deviance: the Protestant ethic and the spirit of failure. p. 92. «and the Hebrew expression 'erased be his name' ('yimach shmo') is known to be a most powerfully devastating curse.» 
  14. ↑ Borowitz, Eugene B.; Weinman Schwartz, Frances (1999). The Jewish moral virtues. p. 232. «The Classic Jewish Curse: Yimakh Shmo, May His Name Be Blotted Out.» 
  15. ↑ Yelin, Shulamis (1984). Shulamis: stories from a Montreal childhood. «And every time his abhorrent name was mentioned, it was followed by an extended roll of wooden noise-makers, graggers, and the curse, Yemach Shemoh!, May his name be wiped out. Thus had Jews revelled in the miracles of their survival ...» 
  16. ↑ Silberstein Swartz, Sarah; Wolfe, Margie (1998). From memory to transformation: Jewish women's voices. «Part of the ritualized story includes repeating Haman, the villain's name, frequently. ... After mentioning his name, many will say, yemakh shemo, may his name be erased, eradicated.» 
  17. ↑ Wistinetzki, Klara Ilana; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1999). Hebrew phrasebook. Lonely Planet. «Under Italian influence, Purim carnivals have become common in many countries, with performances retelling the story of Purim. As part of the holiday, Jews are commanded to obliterate Haman's name throughout the generations.» 
  18. ↑ First things: Issues 129-133 Institute on Religion and Public Life - 2003 "The phrase is yemach shemo, which means, may his name be erased. It is used whenever a great enemy of the Jewish nation, of the past or present, is mentioned.
  19. ↑ Alpert, Reuven (2002). Caught in the Crack: Encounters with the Jewish Muslims of Turkey: A Spiritual Travelogue. Wandering Soul Press. p. 71. 
  20. ↑ Kastein, Josef (2002). The Messiah of Ismir: Sabbatai Zevi. The Viking Press. p. 327. 
  21. ↑ Stavans, Ilan (2000). The essential Ilan Stavans. p. 126.  citing Gerchunoff, Alberto (1910). The Jewish gauchos of the pampas (English translation, 1998 edición). «The Dain shrugged indignantly, and said in Hebrew: 'Yemach Shemam Vizichrom!, May Spain sink in the sea! May she break into pieces! May her memory be obliterated! I can never think of Spain,' the old man said, 'without having the blood ...'». 
  22. ↑ Jewish Currents (44). 1990. «To the youth, Yiddish is a foreign language, thanks to Stalin, Yemach shemo (May his name be erased)! In five schools and four kindergartens, Yiddish is now taught to 200 pupils (including non-Jews)». 
  23. ↑ The National Jewish Monthly Volume 43. B'nai B'rith. 1928. «'Do you think the Germans are any worse than the Russians — yimach shemom — who're on our side?' 'You don't understand, dad. Anyhow, Australia's been jolly good to us Jews. The least we can do is to defend her when she is attacked.'». 
  24. ↑ Weinstock, Yair (2002). «Holiday tales for the soul: a famous novelist retells holiday». «The words 'yemach shemam' ('may their names be erased!') were frequently on Meyer's lips — referring as much to the Poles as to the Nazis themselves. 'There is no forgiveness,' he would declare. 'The Poles are the lowest and most ...'». 
  25. ↑ Samuel E. Freedman (31 de marzo de 1997). «Horowitz's List». New York Magazine 30 (12): 49. «Every time the rabbi at yeshiva mentioned Hitler, he spat out afterward, 'Yemach shemo v'zichro'». 
  26. ↑ Lifschitz, Judah; Sorsḳi, Aharon (2003). The Klausenberger Rebbe: the war years. p. 184. «Our Sages teach us that if the Jewish people are not worthy of redemption at the end of days, the Almighty will issue harsh decrees against them — decrees which we have already suffered at the hands of Hitler, yemach shemo». 
  27. ↑ Kranzler, David; Gevirtz, Eliezer (1991). To Save a World. 
  28. ↑ Seltzer, Nachman (2006). In the blink of an eye: and other stories. p. 145. «Mengele, yemach shemo. How could such a creature breathe the same air as everyone else?» 
  29. ↑ Sh'ma 485-515 1995 "yemach shmam vezikhbram (may the name and memory be blotted out), the colloquially used epithet that accompanies all mentions of Hitler or the Nazis in some people's vernacular"
  30. ↑ Eliach, Yaffa (1982). Hasidic tales of the Holocaust. «When one said in the ghetto, 'The dog, may his name be obliterated,' it was clear to all to whom the reference was made: to the Hauptsturmführer (captain) in the Passport Division.» 
  31. ↑ Kaplan, Dovid; Meisels, Elimelech (2003). The Kiruv Files. p. 82. «He carried a physical scar from when his father had attacked him with a broken bottle and no shortage of emotional scars as well. One day he mentioned his deceased father to me and added the words yemach shemo (may his name be erased).» 
  32. ↑ Zangwill, Israel; Nahshon, Edna (2006). From the ghetto to the melting pot: Israel Zangwill's Jewish plays. p. 6. «Moses reproached his friend privately, saying he did not wish to be known as the father of a 'renegade' and used a fierce epithet: 'yimakh shmo' (may his name be obliterated)/ In his later years, the father left London to live in Jerusalem.» 
  33. ↑ Bergman, Asher (2004). Rav Shach On Chumash. ArtScroll / Mesorah. ISBN 9781578193615. «There was one exception — the leader of the Maskilim in Vilna, Adam HaKohen Sherry, to whose name the Chofetz Chaim would add yemach shemo (may his name be erased). And why? Because when the Chofetz Chaim studied in Vilna in his youth, he became well known as a very bright young man who held great promise as a future Torah giant. Adam HaKohen himself came to him and tried to convince him to abandon his studies.» 
  34. ↑ Proceedings: Volume 4 Aḳademyah ha-leʼumit ha-Yiśreʼelit le-madaʻim - 1969 "Perhaps the most significant of these is the passage where instead of the printed 'that certain man' we find 'Jesus the Nazarene — may his name be obliterated' (thus also in a Genizah MS, British Museum, Or. 91842). "
  35. ↑ Klauck, Hans-Josef (2003). The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction. A&C Black. p. 213. ISBN 9780567083906. «An unfriendly interpretation of the child's name is offered: 'But the name Yeshu means: "May his name be blotted out, and his memory too!"' (§ 58). The three letters of which the name Jesus in Hebrew consists, yod, sin and waw, function here as an acrostic, forming the initial letters of the three words which make up this sentence.» 
  36. ↑ Rabbi Kemper; Eskhult, Mats (2004). Hettema; van der Kooij, eds. Rabbi Kemper's Case for Christianity in His Matthew Commentary, with Reference to Exegesis (Hebrew Studies within Seventeenth Century Swedish Lutheranism). p. 161. «This is applied to Jesus: 'It is easy to see that Jesus is spoken of,' Kemper says, 'and still today they mock him by rendering his name without 'ayin as Yeshu, ie, yimmah stud wezikro 'may his name and memory be wiped out.'». 
  37. ↑ Bobker, Joe (2008). I didn't know that!. p. 370. «The term Yemach shemo vzichro (which I heard regularly in my home in the context of Adolf and his Hitlerian hordes) was originally associated with the ultimate enemy, Amalek...» 
  38. ↑ Wex, Michael (2006). Born to Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All of Its Moods. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061132179. «A few names that have nothing to do with Amalek are also blotted in the Bible, but the association of yemakh shmoy with Amalek remains strong: the traditional way of testing a new pen is to write 'Amalek' (in Hebrew letters, of course) and then scribble over it until it is 'blotted out'.» 
  39. ↑ Wolfthal, Diane (2004). Picturing Yiddish: Gender, Identity, and Memory in the Illustrated Yiddish Books of Renaissance Italy. Brill. p. 145. ISBN 9789004139053. 
  40. ↑ Cuneo, Pia F., ed. (2002). Artful Armies, Beautiful Battles: Art and Warfare in the Early Modern Europe. p. 199. «On Purim, some Sephardic congregants write Haman's name on the soles of their shoes and pound the floor until his name is erased. 2 Deuteronomy 25:19 commands Jews to blot out Amalek's name. Since Haman is Amalek's descendant...» 
  41. ↑ Wex, Michael (2006). Born to Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All of Its Moods. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780061132179. «Yemakh shmoy is so serious that the noun that derives from it is never used about anyone about whom you'd actually say yemakh shmoy. A yemakh-shmoynik (feminine, yemakh-shmoynitse) is "a scoundrel, an evildoer," but not evil enough to...» 
  42. ↑ Goldman, Shalom (2004). God's sacred tongue: Hebrew & the American imagination. p. 96. «One of the names by which such a person is called, is meshummad, from the root shamad, which signifies to destroy; and to this name they generally add yemach shemo vesichro; ie let his name and memory be blotted out.» 
  43. ↑ Frey, Joseph Samuel Christian Frederick (1812). Judah and Israel: or, The restoration and conversion of the Jews. p. 5. «One of the names by which they call him or her is Meshummad or Meshummedeth, from the root Shamad, which signifies to destroy ; and to this name they generally add, Yemach Shemo vesichro, ie, Let his name and memory be blotted out.» 
  44. ↑ Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur (en alemán). Walter de Gruyter & Co. 1998. p. 23. «Erinnere dich, was dir Amalek angetan hat auf dem Weg, als du auszogst aus Ägypten.... Hier geht es um ein absichtsvolles, aktives Vergessen, eine damnatio memoriae, um verleugnen, bestreiten, verschweigen...» 
  45. ↑ Kahle, Paul (1985). Henoch (en italiano). «La stessa damnatio memoriae è avvertita come un obbligo, un comando di vino, cui dover assolvere. La versione deuteronomistica di Esodo 17,14 [J] ('lo cancellerò completamente la menzione di Amalek sotto il cielo') suona:». 
  46. ↑ Theobald, Michael (2002). Herrenworte im Johannesevangelium (en alemán). «Immerhin verschweigt er den Namen des Kultbildes und gibt ihn so „der damnatio memoriae" preis . ... „Solange Mose seine Hand erhoben hielt, war Israel stärker ; sooft er aber die Hand sinken ließ, war Amalek stärker.» 
  47. ↑ Hafner, Stanislaus (1962). Serbisches Mittelalter (en alemán). «5S) Amalek, der Stammvater der Amalekiter, eines Nomadenvolkes im Norden der Sinaiinsel. Sie galten als die schlimmsten Feinde Israels, cf. Ex 17,8f. u. ö. •*) Cf. damnatio memoriae, see Studien, p. 106112 ff. 61 ) Cf. Ps 79 (78)».