فهرست کهنسال‌ترین درختان

پاندو، کلونی ۸۰ هزار ساله صنوبر آسپن، قدیمی‌ترین درخت تاگی شناخته، واقع در یوتا، ایالات متحده آمریکا

سرو ابرکوه، کهنسال‌ترین جاندار آسیا، در استان یزد، ایران

چنانچه در منابع پذیرفته گزارش شده‌است، این فهرستی از کهنسال‌ترین درختان شناخته شده‌است. تعریف‌هایی که از تک‌درختان ناوابسته شده گوناگون است. افزون بر این، سن درختان از روش‌های گوناگونی به دست می‌آید؛ مانند نمونه‌برداری با بهره از روش درخت‌گاه‌شماری یا برآوردهای آماری. برای همین، این مقاله سه فهرست از کهنسال‌ترین درختان را به دست می‌دهد که هر یک از آنها معیارهای گوناگونی را می‌سنجند.

سه نمودار از گروه درخت، وجود دارد که بر پایه سن و گونه‌ها فهرست شده‌اند. نمودار نخست درختانی را در بر می‌گیرد که کمینه سن آنها به روش مستقیم - یا از راه درخت‌گاه‌شماری یا برپایه تاریخ‌گذاری رادیوکربن اندازه‌گیری شده‌است. ممکن است بسیاری از این درختان حتی کهنسال‌تر از سن یاد شده باشند، اما بخش چوبی کهن‌تر این درختان از میان رفته‌است. برای برخی از درختان کهن‌سال، کانون درختی به اندازه‌ای از دست رفته‌است که سن آنها به‌طور مستقیم تعیین نمی‌شود. در عوض، برآوردها بر پایه اندازه درخت و نرخ رشد فرضی انجام می‌شود. نمودار دوم درختانی را با این سن‌های تخمینی در بر می‌گیرد. واپسین نمودار پرگنهٔ تاگی را نشان می‌دهد که در آن ممکن است هیچ درختچه‌ای جداگانه چندان کهنسال نباشد، اما برآیند آنها، سراسر تاگ را به عنوان یکایی کهنسال بازمی‌شناساند.

رکورد داران فعلی برای درختان غیر کلونی فردی، کاج‌های بریستلون Great Basin از کالیفرنیا و نوادا، ایالات متحده هستند. با استفاده از مراجعه به حلقه‌های درخت، تقریباً پنج هزار سال قدمت نشان داده شده‌اند.

پرگنه‌ی تاگی می‌تواند خیلی طولانی‌تر از یک درخت مجزا زنده بماند. مستعمره‌ای از ۴۷۰۰۰ درخت صنوبر آسپن (ملقب به پاندو)، ۱۰۶ جریب فرنگی (۴۳ هکتار) پوشش می‌دهد ۱۰۶ جریب فرنگی (۴۳ هکتار) در جنگل ملی Fishlake یوتا، یکی از قدیمی‌ترین و بزرگ‌ترین ارگانیسم‌های جهان به حساب می‌آید. این پرگنه قدمت ۸۰ هزار ساله تخمین زده شده‌است، اگر چه نمونه حلقه‌های درختی به صورت تک درخت، در سطح زمین، درختان فقط به‌طور متوسط حدود ۱۳۰ سال قدمت دارند.^{[۱][۲][۳][۴]} مستعمره درختان کاج هوون با پوشش ۲٫۵ جریب فرنگی (۱٫۰ هکتار) در کوه خوانده (تاسمانیا) حدود ۱۰٬۰۰۰ سال قدمت تخمین زده می‌شود، همان‌طور که با نمونه‌های DNA گرفته شده از گرده جمع‌آوری‌شده از رسوب یک دریاچه در مجاورت تعیین می‌شود. درختان انفرادی در این گروه قدمت بیش از ۴۰۰۰ سال را ندارند که طبق نمونه‌های حلقه درخت مشخص می‌شود.^[۵]

تک درخت‌ها با سن تأیید شده

! style="width:10%;" |نام ! style="width:5%;" |سن (بر حسب سال) ! style="width:22.5%;" |گونه‌ها ! style="width:10%;" |مکان ! style="width:12.5%;" |کشور ! style="width:40%;" |توضیح

Name	Age (years)	Year Germinated	Species	Location	Country	Notes
Prometheus (WPN-114)	4,900+	2,900+ BCE	Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva	Wheeler Peak, Nevada	United States	Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[۶]
Methuselah	۴,۸۵۶[nb ۱]	2,832 BCE	Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva	White Mountains (California)	United States	It is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[۸]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo	۳,۶۵۳–5,484	1,630+ BCE	Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides	Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos	Chile	Alive.[۸][۹] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[۱۰] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[۱۱]
CBR26	3,266	1,245 BCE	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.[۸]
D-21	3,220	1,199 BCE	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.[۸]
D-23	3,075	1,054 BCE	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.[۸]
CMC 3	3,033	1,012 BCE	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.[۸]
Scofield Juniper	2,675	654 BCE	Sierra juniper Juniperus grandis[۱۲]	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.[۸]
BLK227	۲,۶۴۹	626 BCE	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina)	United States	[۱۳]
CB-90-11	۲,۴۶۷	443 BCE	Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine Pinus aristata	Central Colorado	United States	[۸][۱۴]
Panke Baobab	2,419	398 BCE	African baobab Adansonia digitata	Matabeleland North	Zimbabwe	Died in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[۱۵]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi	۲,۳۱۱	287 BCE	Sacred fig Ficus religiosa	Anuradhapura, North Central Province	Sri Lanka	A sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[۱۶]
?	2,230	209 BCE	Qilian juniper Juniperus przewalskii	Delingha, Qinghai Province	China	[۸]
?	2,200	179 BCE	Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens	Northern California	United States	Dead.[۸]
Bennett Juniper	2,200	179 BCE	Sierra juniper Juniperus grandis[۱۲]	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	[۸]
SHP 7	2,110	89 BCE	Foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana	Sierra Nevada California	United States	[۸]
BLK232	2,089	68 BCE	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina)	United States	[۱۳]
?	۱,۹۵۱	74	Subalpine larch Larix lyallii	Kananaskis, Alberta	Canada	[۸][۱۷]
CRE 175	1,889	133	Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum	Northern New Mexico	United States	[۸]
Miles Juniper	۱,۸۳۶	189	Sierra juniper Juniperus grandis^[نیازمند منبع]	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	[۸][۱۸]
Jōmon Sugi	۱,۸۱۳	212	Sugi Cryptomeria japonica	Yakushima Island	Japan	[۱۹]
KET 3996	۱,۷۲۷	298	Limber pine Pinus flexilis	Ketchum, Idaho	United States	[۸][۲۰]
BFR-46	1,697	325	Limber pine Pinus flexilis	Wasatch Mountains, Utah	United States	[۸]
FL117	۱,۶۸۶	339	Northern whitecedar Thuja occidentalis	Ontario	Canada	[۸][۲۱]
ERE	1,670	352	Limber pine Pinus flexilis	Northern New Mexico	United States	[۸]
RCR 1	1,666	356	Foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	[۸]
?	1,661	361	Limber pine Pinus flexilis	South Park (Park County, Colorado)	United States	[۸]
BBL 2	1,649	373	Foxtail pine Pinus balfouriana	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	[۸]
BCK 69	۱,۶۵۸	376	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Bladen County, North Carolina	United States	[۸][۲۲]
?	1,636	386	Nootka cypress Callitropsis nootkatensis	Vancouver Island	Canada	[۸]
FL101	1,567	455	Northern whitecedar Thuja occidentalis	Ontario	Canada	[۸]
?	1,542	480	Limber pine Pinus flexilis	Central Colorado	United States	[۸]
Italus	۱,۲۳۷	788	Heldreich's pine Pinus heldreichii	Pollino National Park	Italy	Alive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[۲۳]

درختان قدیمی با سن تخمین زده شده

توجه: قدمت درختان موجود در این لیست بر اساس حدس و گمان و احتمالاً غیرقابل اعتماد است. ! style="width:10%;" |نام ! style="width:5%;" |سن (بر حسب سال) ! style="width:20%;" |گونه‌ها ! style="width:10%;" |مکان ! style="width:10%;" |کشور ! style="width:40%;" |توضیح

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

Name	Age (years)	Species	Location	Country	Notes
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah"	6,000[۲۴]	Olive Olea europaea	Bchaaleh, North Governorate	Lebanon	Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[۲۵][۲۶][۲۷] The trees still produce olives.
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo	5,484	Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides }	Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos	Chile	A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of ۳,۶۵۳.[۱۰][۱۱]
?[nb ۲]	۵,۰۷۶	Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva	White Mountains (California)	United States	Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[۸][۲۸]
Llangernyw Yew	4,000–5,000	Common yew Taxus baccata	Llangernyw, Conwy	United Kingdom	Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh	4,500	Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens	Abarkuh, Yazd	Iran	Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[۲۹][۳۰]
Gümeli Porsuğu	4,115	Yew Taxus baccata	Zonguldak	Turkey	Alive, found in 2016.[۳۱][۳۲]
The Ancient Yew	4,000	Yew Taxus baccata	Tisbury, Wiltshire	United Kingdom	37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[۳۳]
The Senator	3,500	Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens	Longwood, Florida	United States	Died in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[۳۴][۳۵]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)	3,350	European olive tree Olea europea L. var. europaea	Mouriscas, Abrantes	Portugal	Alive.[۳۶][۳۷]
Great Camphor of Takeo	3000+	Cinnamomum camphora "Camphor Tree"	Takeo, Saga	Japan	A large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[۳۸] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[۳۹] Alive.
The President	3,200	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Alive.
Fortingall Yew	3,000	Common yew Taxus baccata	Fortingall, Perthshire	United Kingdom	Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[۴۰][۴۱]^[نیازمند شفاف‌سازی]
Alishan Sacred Tree	3,000	Formosan cypress Chamaecyparis formosensis	Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi	Taiwan	Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[۴۲]
S'Ozzastru	3,000–4,000	Olive Olea europaea	Luras, Sardinia	Italy	[۴۳]
Patriarca da Floresta [pt]	3,020	Jequitibá-rosa Cariniana legalis	Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo	Brazil	Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[۴۴]
Raintree	3,000	Great Basin bristlecone pine	Spring Mountains, Nevada	United States	Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia [Wikidata]	2,850	Olive Olea europaea	Santa Iria de Azóia [pt], Loures, Lisbon	Portugal	Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[۴۵]
Mother of the Forest	2,520	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California	United States	Dead.
Sarv Zibad	2,500	Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens	Sarv Zibad, Khorasan	Iran	Also called "holly Sarv".[۲۹][۳۰]
General Sherman	2,300–2,700	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California	United States	Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m^3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[۴۶][۴۷]
Kayano Ōsugi	2,300	Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica	Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa	Japan	Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia	2,210	Olive Olea europaea	Santa Luzia, Tavira, Algarve	Portugal	Alive.[۴۸]
Jōmon Sugi	2,170–7,200	Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica	Yakushima	Japan	Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[۴۹][۵۰][۵۱]
Koca Katran	2,022	Lebanon cedar Cedrus libani	Antalya	Turkey	Alive.[۵۲]
Ballyconnell Yew	2,000–5,000	Yew Taxus baccata	Ballyconnell, Annagh	Ireland	Oldest tree in Ireland.^[نیازمند منبع]
Elia Vouvon	2,000–5,000	Olive Olea europaea	Kolymvari, Crete	Greece	Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[۵۳]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi	2,000–4,000	Sweet chestnut Castanea sativa	Sicily	Italy	Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu	2,000–3,000	Chinese juniper Juniperus chinensis	Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk	South Korea	Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty	2,000	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Longwood, Florida	United States	Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri	2,000	Oriental plane Platanus orientalis	Martuni Region	Artsakh ^(de facto) / Azerbaijan ^(de jure)	Oldest tree in de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina	2,000	Olive Olea europaea	Stari Bar, Bar	Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree	2,000	Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia	Temecula, California	United States	Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
Tejo Milenario	2,000+	Yew Taxus baccata	Cazorla, Jaén	Spain	Oldest tree in Spain.[۵۴]
?	2,000	Olive Olea europaea	Exo Hora, Zakynthos	Greece	[۵۵]
?	2,000	Yew Taxus	Sochi, Krasnodar Krai	Russia	A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[۵۶]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa	2,000	Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica	Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, Kanagawa	Japan
Methuselah	1,800	Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens	Woodside, California	United States	[۵۷]
Araucaria Madre	1,800	Araucaria araucana	Araucanía	Chile	Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[۵۸]
Granit oak	1,700	Pedunculate oak Quercus robur	Granit	Bulgaria
Kongeegen	1,500–2,000	Pedunculate oak Quercus robur	Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand	Denmark	[۵۹]
Stelmužė Oak	1,500–2,000	Pedunculate oak Quercus robur	Stelmužė, Zarasai	Lithuania	Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew	1,500–2,000	Common yew Taxus baccata	Vilémovice	Czech Republic	۳۴۵ سانتیمتر (۱۳۶ اینچ) in circumference.[۶۰]
Aubépines	1,500	Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna	Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne	France	Oldest tree in France.[۶۱]
Jardine Juniper	1,500	Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum	Logan Canyon, Utah	United States	[۶۲]
Árbol del Tule	1,433–1,600	Montezuma cypress Taxodium mucronatum	Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca	Mexico	Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine	1,300	white fir Pinus heldreichii	Pirin Mountains	Bulgaria	Oldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere	1,200–4,000	Kauri Agathis australis	Waipoua Forest, Northland	New Zealand	Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo	1,200+	Algarrobo Prosopis chilensis	Villa de Merlo, San Luis Province	Argentina	Possibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.^[نیازمند منبع]

درخت‌های کلونی

مانند همه گیاهان و قارچ‌های طولانی مدت، هیچ بخش جدا از پرگَنهٔ تاگی زنده نیست (به معنای متابولیسم فعال) بیش از کسری بسیار کمی از زندگی کل کلون. برخی از پرگنه‌ها ممکن است کاملاً از طریق سیستم‌های ریشه ای خود متصل شوند، در حالی که بیشتر آنها به هم پیوسته نیستند، اما کلون‌های ژنتیکی یکسان هستند که از طریق تولید مثل رویشی ، منطقه را جمع می کنند. تخمین‌ها برای پرگنه‌های تاگی، اغلب براساس نرخ رشد فعلی است. ^{[نیازمند منبع]}

! style="width:10%;" | نام ! style="width:10%;" | سن (بر حسب سال) ! style="width:20%;" | گونه‌ها ! style="width:10%;" | مکان ! style="width:10%;" | کشور ! style="width:40%;" | توضیح

Name	Age (years)	Species	Location	Country	Notes
Antarctic Beech	less than 70 million years[۶۳]	Antarctic beech Nothofagus moorei	Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland	Australia	Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[۶۴]
Wollemi Pines	60+ million years	Wollemi pine Wollemia nobilis	Wollemi National Park, New South Wales	Australia	According to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute “winner” for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[۶۵]
Unknown	43,600–130,000	King's lomatia Lomatia tasmanica	Southwest National Park, Tasmania	Australia	Lomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[۶۶]
Pando	less than 14,000[۶۷]–80,000[۶۸]	Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides	Fishlake National Forest, Utah	United States	Covers ۱۰۷ جریب فرنگی (۰٫۴۳ کیلومتر مربع) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[۶۹]	13,000[۷۰]	Palmer oak Quercus palmeri	Jurupa Mountains, California	United States	Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[۷۰]
Old Tjikko	9,550	Norway spruce Picea abies	Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna	Sweden	The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[۷۱][۷۲] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[۷۳] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[۷۴]
Old Rasmus	9,500	Norway spruce Picea abies	Sonfjället, Härjedalen	Sweden	[۷۵]
Mongarlowe mallee	3,000–13,000	Mongarlowe mallee Eucalyptus recurva	Mongarlowe, New South Wales	Australia	Alive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[۷۶]
unknown	3,000[۷۷]–10,000[۷۸]	Huon pine Lagarostrobos franklinii	Mount Read, Tasmania	Australia	Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[۵]

یادداشت

1. It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".^[۷] The age given here is based on this reference point.
2. Not named yet

منابع

1. Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
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