لیبرترینیسم چپ[۱][۲][۳][۴][۵] (به انگلیسی: Left-libertarianism)، که به لیبرترینیسم مساواتخواه،[الف][۶][۷]لیبرترینیسم جناح چپ[ب][۸] یا لیبرترینیسم سوسیال[پ][۹] نیز شناخته میشود، یک فلسفه سیاسی و نوعی از لیبرترینیسم است که روی آزادی فردی و برابری اجتماعی تأکید میورزد. لیبرترینیسم چپ نمایانگر چندین رویکرد مرتبط و در عین حال متمایز با نظریات سیاسی و اجتماعی است. در کاربرد کلاسیک، این اصطلاح عبارت از انواع پاداقتدارگراییسیاستهای جناح چپ مانند آنارشیسم، خصوصاً آنارشیسم سوسیال است[۱۰] که طرفدارانش آن را صرفاً لیبرترینیسم مینامند.[۱۱] در ایالات متحده آمریکا این تفکر نشان دهنده جناح چپ جنبش لیبریترین[۱۰] و جایگاههای سیاسی مرتبط با فیلسوفان دانشگاه همچون «هیلل استینر»،[ت]فیلیپ فان پاریس و «پیتر ولنتاین»[ث] میباشد که خویشفرمانی را با رویکرد مساوات طلبانه به منابع طبیعی ترکیب میکند.[۱۰][۱۲] این کار بهمنظور تفکیک دیدگاههای لیبرترین در مورد ماهیت مالکیت و سرمایه، معمولاً در امتداد مرزهای فکری چپ و راست یا سوسیالیست-کپیتالیست انجام میشود.[۱۳]
لیبرترین چپ سوسیالیست درحالیکه برای مالکیت شخصی احترام کامل دارد، اما مخالف سرمایهداری و مالکیت خصوصیابزارهای تولید هست.[۱۴][۱۵][۱۶][۱۷] لیبرترینها نسبت به مالکیت خصوصی منابع طبیعی بدبین یا کاملاً در مخالفت با آن قرار دارند. و برخلاف لیبرترینهای راست استدلال میکنند که نه ادعا و نه اختلاط کار یک فرد با منابع طبیعی برای کسب حقوق مالکیت خصوصی کامل کافی است. بر این باورند که منابع طبیعی باید به شیوهٔ برابرطلبانه نگهداری شوند که خواه بدون مالکیت باشد یا بهصورت مالکیت جمعی.[۱۸] لیبرترینهای چپ که که در برابر مالکیت خصوصی نرمتر هستند، نورمها و نظریات مختلف مالکیت مانند حق انتفاع را حمایت میکنند،[۱۹] یا تحت شرایطی به مردم محل یا حتی جامعه جهانی مانند «مکتب اشتاینر ولنتاین»[ج] جبران خساره بپردازد.[۲۰][۲۱]
افرادی که به مثابه لیبرترین راست یا لیبرترین چپ توصیف میشوند، عموماً بر این تمایل دارند که خود را صرفاً لیبرترین بنامند و از فلسفه آنها بهعنوان لیبرترینیسم یاد کنند. بادرنظرداشت این موضوع، برخی نویسندگان و دانشمندان علوم سیاسی انواع لیبرترینیسم را به دو گروه؛[۲۴][۲۵]لیبرترینیسم راست[۲][۴][۵][۲۶] و لیبرترینیسم چپ[۱] طبقهبندی میکنند تا دیدگاههای لیبرترینها را درمورد ماهیت مالکیت و سرمایه متمایز سازند.[۱۳] در ایالات متحده آمریکا ضدسرمایهداریبازار آزاد بهصورت آگاهانه خود را لیبرترینهای راست و بخشی از لیبرترین چپ مینامند.[۱۰][۱۹]
بهطور سنتی، لیبرترین اصطلاحی بود که توسط کمونیست لیبرترین کمونیستی فرانسوی[۲۷] و ژوزف دژاک،[۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲] سردبیر روزنامه «لی لیبرتیر»[د] ابداع شد که بهمعنای نوعی از سیاستهای جناح چپ است و از اواسط تا اواخر قرن نوزدهم اغلباً برای اشاره به آنارشیسم[۳۳][۳۰][۳۴][۳۵] و سوسیالیسم لیبرترین[۳۶] since the mid- to late 19th century.[۳۷][۳۸] بهکار میرفت. «سباستین فاور»،[ذ] یکی دیگر از کمونیست لیرترین فرانسوی، در اواسط دهه ۱۸۹۰ میلادی، انتشار روزنامه جدیدی با عنوان «لی لیبرتیر» را آغاز کرد. این کار درحالی صورت گرفت که جمهوری سوم فرانسه قوانین به اصطلاح «شریر»[ر] را وضع کرد که منشورهای آنارشیستی را در فرانسه ممنوع کرد.[۳۰][۳۵] براساس گفته «آنتونی کومگنا»[ز] از مؤسسه کیتو، بنجامین تاکر، سوسیالیست لیبرترین، اولین آمریکایی بود که در اواخر دهه ۱۸۷۰ و اوایل دهه ۱۸۸۰ اصطلاح لیبرترین را بهکار برد.[۳۹]
لیبرترینیسم چپ بهعنوان یک اصطلاح برای نامیدن انواع مختلف فلسفههای اقتصادی و سیاسی که روی آزادی فردی تأکید میورزند، بهکار میرود. با توسعه و پیشرفت مدرن لیبرترین راست،[۲۶][۳۳][۳۴][۴۰] اصطلاح لیبرترین در اواسط قرن بیستم از سرمایهداریلسه فر و حقوق قاطع مالکیت خصوصی مانند زمین، زیرساختها و منابع طبیعی حمایت کرد.[۴۱] لیبرترینیسم چپ بیشتر برای تفکیک میان این دو نوع،[۱۰][۱۲] خصوصاً در رابطه به حقوق مالکیت، بهکار رفتهاست.[۴۲]
ژوزف دژاک اولین کسی بود که ایدههای لیبرترین را با استفاده از اصطلاح لیبرترین ترتیب و تدوین نمود. فیلسوفان بعدی که در جناح چپ بودند، جزئیاتی را در فلسفه سیاسی او اضافه کردند تا نگرشها و باورهای مربوط به سوسیالیزم بدون دولت را مطالعه و مستندسازی نمایند. دژاک نیز این مفهوم را کمونیسم لیبرترین نامید.[۲۷][۳۱][۳۰][۳۵][۳۶]
لیبرترینیزم چپ به عنوان یک اصطلاح، توسط برخی از تحلیلگران سیاسی، استادان دانشگاه و اعضای رسانهها، بهویژه در ایالات متحده، بهکار رفت تا فلسفه لیبرترین را که، علاوه بر حمایت از دولت محدود و مالکیت خودی که در دو نوع لیبرترین مشترک است، حمایت از سرمایهداری بازار آزاد و حق مطلق بر مالکیت را نیز توصیف نماید.[۴۳]
«پیتر والنتاین»،[ژ] لیبرترین چپ را بهعنوان نوعی از لیبرترینیسم توصیف میکند که معتقد است «منابع طبیعی تخصیص نیافته به شیوهای مساوات خواهانه به هر فرد تعلق دارد». منابع در اصل دارایی مشترک هستند.[۴۴] همینگونه، «شارلوت»[س] و «لاورنس بیکر»[ش] معتقدند که لیبرترینیسم چپ اغلب به موقعیت سیاسی اشاره دارد که در آن منابع طبیعی در اصل مالکیت مشترک به حساب میآیند.[۴۵]
حامیان و پیروان «ساموئل ادوارد کونکین سوم»[ص] که اگوریسم را نوعی از لیبرترینیسم چپ[۴۶][۴۷] و شاخه استراتژیک آنارشیسم بازار جناج چپ میداند،[۴۸] اصطلاحی را بهکار میبرد که از سوی «رودریک تی. لانگ»،[ض] که لیبرترینیسم چپ را اینگونه توصیف میکند: «ادغام، یا من ادعا میکنم، ادغام مجدد لیبرترینیسم با نگرانیهای که بهطور سنتی بهعنوان دغدغههای چپ تلقی میشود. لیبرترینیسم چپ شامل نگرانیها برای توانمندسازی کارگران، نگرانی درباره پلوتوکراسی، نگرانیها درباره فیمینزم و انواع مختلف برابری اجتماعی میگردد».[۴۹]
تمامی لیبرترینها با مفهوم خودمختاری شخصی شروع میکنند که از آن به نفع آزادیهای مدنی و کاهش یا حذف دولت استدلال مینمایند، لیبرترینیسم چپ شامل آن دسته از باورهای لیبرترین است که ادعا میکنند منابع طبیعی زمین به شیوهٔ مساوات خواهانه، هم بهصورت بدون مالکیت هم بهگونه مالکیت جمعی، متعلق به همه است.[۸][۱۰][۱۸][۲۰][۲۱]
لیبرترینیسم چپ مانند آنارشیزم، آزادی را بهعنوان شکلی از خودمختاری تلقی میکند[۵۱] که پل گودمن آن را به مثابه «توانایی آغاز یک کار و انجام آن به روش خود، بدون دستور از طرف مقامات که آنها مشکل حقیقی و موجودیت ابزار را نمیدانند» تعریف میکند.[۵۲] تمامی آنارشیستها مخالف اقتدار سیاسی و قانونی هستند، ولی طیفهای جمعی همچنان با اقتدار اقتصادی مالکیت خصوصی مخالف اند.[۵۳] این انارشیستهای سوسیال روی کمک متقابسل تأکید میورزند، درحالیکه انارشیستهای فردگرا از خویشفرمانی بیشتر ستایش میکنند.[۵۴]
↑ ۱٫۰۱٫۱Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. New York: Cassell. p. 170.
↑ ۲٫۰۲٫۱Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. ISBN1846310253. ISBN978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."
↑Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists."
↑ ۴٫۰۴٫۱Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. ISBN0748634959. ISBN978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all."
↑ ۵٫۰۵٫۱۵٫۲Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006.
↑Sullivan, Mark A. (July 2003). "Why the Georgist Movement Has Not Succeeded: A Personal Response to the Question Raised by Warren J. Samuels". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 62 (3): 612.
↑Grunberg, Gérard; Schweisguth, Etienne; Boy, Daniel; Mayer, Nonna, eds. (1993). The French Voter Decides. "Social Libertarianism and Economic Liberalism". University of Michigan Press. p. 45. ISBN978-0-472-10438-3
↑ ۱۰٫۰۱۰٫۱۱۰٫۲۱۰٫۳۱۰٫۴۱۰٫۵۱۰٫۶۱۰٫۷Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227.
↑ ۱۲٫۰۱۲٫۱۱۲٫۲Kymlicka, Will (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In Ted Honderich|Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 516. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner." ISBN978-0199264797.
↑ ۱۴٫۰۱۴٫۱Kropotkin, Peter (1927). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 150. ISBN978-0-486-11986-1. It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State.
↑ ۱۵٫۰۱۵٫۱Otero, Carlos Peregrin (2003). "Introduction to Chomsky's Social Theory". In Otero, Carlos Peregrin (ed.). Radical Priorities. Chomsky, Noam Chomsky (3rd ed.). Oakland, California: AK Press. p. 26. ISBN1-902593-69-3.
↑ ۱۷٫۰۱۷٫۱Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006. "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
↑ ۱۸٫۰۱۸٫۱Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The social history of crime and punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1007. ISBN1412988764. "Left-libertarians disagree with right-libertarians with respect to property rights, arguing instead that individuals have no inherent right to natural resources. Namely, these resources must be treated as collective property that is made available on an egalitarian basis".
↑ ۲۰٫۰۲۰٫۱۲۰٫۲Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). "Libertarianism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.
↑ ۲۱٫۰۲۱٫۱Narveson, Jan; Trenchard, David (2008). "Left Libertarianism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 288–289. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n174. ISBN978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN2008009151. OCLC750831024. Left libertarians regard each of us as full self-owners. However, they differ from what we generally understand by the term libertarian in denying the right to private property. We own ourselves, but we do not own nature, at least not as individuals. Left libertarians embrace the view that all natural resources, land, oil, gold, and so on should be held collectively. To the extent that individuals make use of these commonly owned goods, they must do so only with the permission of society, a permission granted only under the proviso that a certain payment for their use be made to society at large.
↑Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. London: Cassell. p. 170. ISBN0-304-33873-7.
↑Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."
↑Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R. , ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars."
↑ ۲۶٫۰۲۶٫۱Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
↑ ۲۷٫۰۲۷٫۱Long, Roderick T. (2012). "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F. ; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term "libertarian" for this position; hence "libertarianism" initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
↑Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Meridian Books. p. 280. "He called himself a "social poet," and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére."
↑ ۳۱٫۰۳۱٫۱Robert Graham, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas; Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE–1939). Montreal: Black Rose Books. §17.
↑Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists".
↑ ۳۳٫۰۳۳٫۱Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice". Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity – often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect – acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property – have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated".
↑ ۳۴٫۰۳۴٫۱Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. Sharp Press. p. 9[پیوند مرده]. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."
↑ ۳۵٫۰۳۵٫۱۳۵٫۲Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers."
↑ ۳۶٫۰۳۶٫۱"The Week Online Interviews Chomsky". Z Magazine. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 12 July 2019. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism."
↑Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (3 October 2018). "Libertarianism, Then and Now". Libertarianism. Cato Institute. "[...] Benjamin Tucker was the first American to really start using the term "libertarian" as a self-identifier somewhere in the late 1870s or early 1880s." Retrieved 3 August 2020.
↑Rothbard, Murray (2009) [1970s]. The Betrayal of the American Right(PDF). Mises Institute. ISBN978-1-61016-501-3. One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.
↑Hussain, Syed B. (2004). Encyclopedia of Capitalism. Vol. II: H-R. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. ISBN0-8160-5224-7. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is a excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
↑Frankel Paul, Ellen; Miller Jr., Fred; Paul, Jeffrey (12 February 2007). Liberalism: Old and New. Vol. 24. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-70305-5.
↑Vallentyne, Peter (20 July 2010). "Libertarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
↑Becker, Charlotte B. ; Becker, Lawrence C. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ethics. 3. Taylor & Francis US. p. 1562. ISBN978-0-4159-3675-0.
Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). Left-Libertarianism and Its Critics. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN978-0-312-23699-1.
Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). The Origins of Left-Libertarianism. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN978-0-312-23591-8.
Vallentyne, Peter (2000). "Left-Libertarianism: A Primer" (full text; final draft). In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (eds.). Left Libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate. Palgrave Publishers Ltd. pp. 1–20.