Magicicada septendecim

WD Bosca Sonraí Ainmhí BheoMagicicada septendecim Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata

Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Taifead
Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Stádas caomhnaithe
Speiceas beagnach faoi bhagairt
UICN12691 Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Tacsanomaíocht
For-ríochtHolozoa
RíochtAnimalia
FíleamArthropoda
AicmeInsecta
OrdHemiptera
FineCicadidae
GéineasMagicicada
SpeiceasMagicicada septendecim Cuir in eagar ar Wikidata
Linnaeus, 1758

Tá Magicicada septendecim dúchasach do Cheanada agus na Stáit Aontaithe agus meastar gurb í an fheithid is fadsaolaí ar Domhan. Maireann sí faoi thalamh an chuid is mó dá saol ar feadh 17 bliain, ag maireachtáil ar na siltigh a thagann amach nuair a bhearnaíonn sí fréamhacha na bplandaí. Ansin ina 17ú bliain, cuireann sí an craiceann nimfí di agus tagann chun dromchla na talún. Cúplálann sí is beireann a cuid uibheacha le linn na seachtainí deireanacha dá saol.[1]

Cur síos

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Grianghraf gar-amhairc de Magicicada septendecim i Carolina Theas
Trí ubh de M. septendecim
Eiseamal de M. septendecim i mBailiúchán Zó - eolaíochta, Stáit na Baváire, München (2015)

Cosúil le speicis eile atá san áireamh i Magicicada, tá súile agus féitheacha sciatháin dearg ag an bhfeithid agus tá a tóracs droma dubh. Idirdhealaítear é ag a stríoca buí leathana ar a abdóman agus a cheiliúr uathúil, géar, a deirtear a bheith cosúil le duine éigin ag glaoch "weeeee - whoa" nó "Pharaoh ",[2] gnéithe a roinneann sé leis an speiceas nua-aimsithe 13 bliana Magicicada neotredecim.[3]

Mar gheall ar na cosúlachtaí idir M. septendecim agus an dá speiceas 13-bliain dlúthghaolmhar M. neotredecim agus M. tredecim, is minic a chuirtear síos ar na trí speiceas le chéile mar decim periodical cicadas.

Saolré

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Tá a saolré airmheánach ó ubh go bás aosach nádúrtha timpeall seacht mbliana déag. Mar sin féin, is féidir a aoisraon a bheith trí bliana déag agus bliain is fiche.[4]

Cuntais stairiúla ar thréimhsiúlacht

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Luann cuntais stairiúla tuairiscí ar atarlú 15 go 17 mbliana ar líon ollmhór lócaistí callánacha ag teacht amach, a scríobhadh chomh luath le 1733.[5][6] Bhí John Bartram, luibheolaí agus gairneoir aitheanta de chuid Philadelphia, i measc na luathscríbhneoirí a rinne cur síos ar shaolré, cuma agus tréithe na feithide.[7]

Ar an 9 Bealtaine, 1715, rinne an tUrramach Andreas Sandel, sagart "Gloria Dei" Eaglais Liútarach na Sualainne de chuid Philadelphia, cur síos ina iris ar theacht amach Éillín X de Magicicada.[8] Thug Pehr Kalm, nádúraí Fionlannach a bhí ar cuairt go Pennsylvania agus New Jersey sa bhliain 1749 thar ceann Acadamh Ríoga Eolaíochtaí na Sualainne, faoi deara i ndeireadh na Bealtaine go raibh teacht amach ar an éillín sin.[9][10] Nuair a bhí an ócáid á tuairisciú i bpáipéar a d'fhoilsigh iris acadúil Sualannach sa bhliain 1756, scríobh Kalm:

"The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.
There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.

Chuir Kalm síos ansin ar thuairisc an Urramaigh Sandel agus ar cheann a fuair sé ó Benjamin Franklin a raibh taifead déanta aige in Philadelphia gur tháinig líon mór ciocáidí amach ón talamh i dtús mhí na Bealtaine 1732. Thug sé faoi deara nach raibh a leithéid de thuairiscí déanta ag na daoine a raibh na cáipéisí seo ullmhaithe acu i mblianta eile.

Thug Kalm faoi deara freisin gur chuir daoine eile in iúl dó nach raibh ciocáidí feicthe acu ach ó am go chéile sular tháinig na feithidí amach ón talamh i bPennsylvania i saithí móra ar an 22 Bealtaine, 1749. Ina theannta sin, dúirt sé nár chuala sé aon ciocáidí i bPennsylvania agus i New Jersey i 1750 sna míonna agus sna ceantair chéanna ina raibh go leor cloiste aige i 1749. Thacaigh na tuarascálacha sna blianta 1715 agus 1732, in éineacht lena bharúlacha féin sna blianta 1749 agus 1750, leis an "tuairim ghinearálta" a luaigh sé roimhe sin.

Thug Kalm achoimre ar a thorthaí i leabhar a aistríodh go Béarla agus a foilsíodh i Londain sa bhliain 1771,[11] á rá:, "There are a kind of Locusts which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods." [5][12]}}

Bunaithe ar chuntas Kalm agus ar eiseamal a chuir Kalm ar fáil, sa bhliain 1758 d'ainmnigh Carl Linnaeus an fheithid Cicada septendecim sa deichiú heagrán dá Systema Naturae.[1][13]

Sa bhliain 1766, rinne Moses Bartram cur síos ina Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, atá le feiceáil go tréimhsiúil uair amháin i 16 nó 17 bliain an chéad teacht amach eile den éillín (Éillín X) a thug Kalm faoi deara sa bhliain 1749. Thug Bartram faoi deara go bhfuil ar ghoradh ó uibheacha i dtaisce i craobhóga na gcrann, gur rith na feithidí óga síos go dtí an talamh agus "isteach ar an chéad oscailt go bhféadfadh siad a fháil ". Thuairiscigh sé go raibh sé in ann iad a fháil amach 10 troigh (3 m) faoi bhun an dromchla, ach tuairiscítear go bhfuair daoine eile iad 30 troigh (9 m) ar doimhneacht..[14]


Sa bhliain 1775, thaifead Thomas Jefferson ina "Garden Book" tréimhsiúlacht 17 mbliana d'Éillín II, agus é ag scríobh gur chuimhnigh duine aitheantais ar "great locust years" sa bhliain 1724 agus sa bhliain 1741, gur mheabhraigh sé féin agus daoine eile bliain eile dá leithéid sa bhliain 1758 agus gur tháinig na feithidí amach arís ón talamh ag Monticello sa bhliain 1775. Thug sé faoi deara go leagann na baineannaigh a n-uibheacha i gcraobhóga beaga na gcrann agus iad os cionn talún..[15]

I mí Aibreáin 1800, scríobh Benjamin Banneker, a bhí ina chónaí in aice le Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, ina leabhar taifid chuimhnigh sé "great locust year" sa bhliain 1749, agus an dara ceann sa bhliain 1766 a raibh an chuma ar an scéal go raibh na feithidí "full as numerous as the first" agus an tríú ceann sa bhliain 1783 (Éillín X). Thuar sé go mb'fhéidir go mbeifí ag súil leis na feithidí arís sa bhliain 1800, atá seacht mbliana déag ó tháinig an tríú amharc air.[16]

Tagairtí

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."" (1962).
  2. ↑ "Cóip cartlainne". Cartlannaíodh an bunleathanach ar 21 Márta 2012. Dáta rochtana: 4 Bealtaine 2024.
  3. ↑ "Cóip cartlainne". Cartlannaíodh an bunleathanach ar 5 Meán Fómhair 2012. Dáta rochtana: 4 Bealtaine 2024.
  4. ↑ "Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia - Supporting Information" (18 August 2015). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (33): 10192–10199. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421386112. PMID 26286984. PMC:4547289. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Marlatt, C.L (1898). "The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods": 112–118. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 1039550735. 
  6. ↑ Dudley, Paul (1733). Periodical Revolutions. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London. Cited in Kritsky, Gene (2004). "America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777". Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. OCLC 891409264. “Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper.” 
  7. ↑ Kritsky, Gene (2004). "America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777". Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. OCLC 891409264. 
  8. ↑ "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography" (January 1906) 30 (117): 448–449. Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. ISSN 0031-4587. OCLC 1762062. JSTOR 20085357. 
  9. ↑ Kalm, Peter (1772). "Travels into North America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster" 1: v–vii. London: Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street. OCLC 1042021758. 
  10. ↑ Davis, J.J. (May 1953). "Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)". The Ohio Journal of Science 53: 139–140.  Republished by Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  11. ↑ Kalm, Peter (1771). "Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster" 2: 212–213. London: T. Lowndess. .
  12. ↑ Kalm, Peter (1771). "Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster" 2: 6–7. London: T. Lowndess. 
  13. ↑ Linnaei, Caroli (1758). "Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim." 1: 436–437. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. 
  14. ↑ Bartram, Moses (1766). "Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq.": 103–106. London: Printed for J. Dodsley (1768). OCLC 642534652. 
  15. ↑ Jefferson, Thomas (1775). "Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings". Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 22. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society (1944). OCLC 602659598. “Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 and 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758 was and now they are come again this year of 1775. it appears that they come periodically from the ground once in 17 years. they come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. it is thought they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent.” 
  16. ↑ (1) Latrobe, John H. B., Esq. (1845). "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845": 11–12. Baltimore, Maryland: Printed by John D. Toy. OCLC 568468091. 
    (2) "Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada" (2014). Journal of Humanistic Mathematics 4: 112–122. doi:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07. ISSN 2159-8118. OCLC 700943261.  Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. .... ")